Patent
US 10,896,784Direct Microwave Production of Graphene
Yi-Jun Lin, Aruna Zhamu, Bor Z. Jang
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,896,784Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG.1 A flow chart showing the most commonly used prior art process of producing highly oxidized NGPs that entails tedious chemical oxidation/intercalation, …
FIG. 2(A), one preferred embodiment of this method entails subjecting a suspension (containing a graphitic material dispersed in a metal salt 5 solution) to …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of producing graphene directly from a non-intercalated and non-oxidized graphitic material, said method comprising: (a) dispersing said graphitic material in a liquid solution to form a suspension, wherein said graphitic material has never been previously exposed to chemical intercalation or oxidation; and (b) subjecting said suspension to microwave or radio frequency irradiation with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for producing said graphene; wherein said liquid solution contains a metal salt dissolved in water, organic solvent, ionic liquid solvent, or a combination thereof, wherein said liquid solution has a salt concentration from 0. 0 1M to 10 M; wherein said method does not include strong acids. Currently amended
The method of claim 1, wherein said metal salt is a metal halide selected from the group consisting of MC l (M = Li, Na, K, Cs), MC l 2 (M = Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn), MC l 3 (M = Al, Fe, Ga), MC l 4 (M = Zr, Pt), MF 2 (M = Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn), MF 3 (M = Al, Fe, Ga), MF 4 (M = Zr, Pt), and combinations thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said metal salt includes an alkali metal salt selected from lithium perchlorate (LiC lO 4), sodium perchlorate (NaC lO 4), potassium perchlorate (KC 1O 4), sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF 6), potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF 6), sodium borofluoride (NaBF 4), potassium borofluoride (KBF 4), sodium hexafluoroarsenide, potassium hexafluoroarsenide, sodium trifluoro- methanesulfonate (NaCF 3 SO 3), potassium trifluoro-methanesulfonate (KCF 3 SO 3), b is- trifluoromethyl sulfonylimide sodium (NaN(CF 3 SO 2) 2), sodium trifluoromethanesulfonimide (NaTFS I), bis-trifluoromethyl sulfonylimide potassium (KN(CF 3 SO 2) 2), a sodium ionic liquid salt, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6), lithium borofluoride (LiBF 4), lithium hexafluoroarsenide (LiAsF 6), lithium trifluoro-methanesulfonate (LiCF 3 SO 3), b is- trifluoromethyl sulfonylimide lithium (LiN(CF 3 SO 2) 2), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiB O B), lithium oxalyldifluoroborate (LiBF 2 C 2 O 4), lithium nitrate (LiNO 3), Li-fluoroalkyl-phosphates (LiPF 3 (CF 2 CF 3) 3), lithium bispe r fluoro-ethysulfonylimide (LiBETI), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide, lithium bis(fluorosulphonyl)imide, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiTFSI), an ionic liquid lithium salt, or a combination thereof. Previously presented
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphitic material is selected from natural graphite, synthetic graphite, amorphous graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, meso- carbon microbead, graphitized meso-phase carbon, needle coke, carbon fiber, graphite fiber, carbon nano-fiber, graphitic nano-fiber, graphite fluoride, chemically modified graphite, expanded graphite, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is from 1 minute to 60 minutes. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is less than 30 minutes. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is less than 10 minutes. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation is followed by a mechanical shearing treatment to produce a thinner or smaller graphene material. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said liquid solution further comprises a chemical functionalizing agent and said microwave or radio frequency irradiation activates a chemical reaction between said agent and said graphene to produce a chemically functionalized graphene material. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene contains single-layer graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene contains at least 80% single-layer graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene contains pristine graphene, oxidized graphene with less than 5% oxygen content by weight, graphene fluoride, graphene fluoride with less than 5% fluorine by weight, graphene with a carbon content no less than 95% by weight, or functionalized graphene. Original
A slurry containing said metal salt solution and graphene sheets created by the process of claim 1. Original
A method of producing graphene directly from a non-intercalated and non-oxidized graphitic material, said method comprising: (a) dispersing said graphitic material in a liquid solution to form a suspension, wherein said graphitic material has never been previously exposed to chemical intercalation or oxidation; and (b) subjecting said suspension to microwave or radio frequency irradiation; wherein said liquid solution contains a metal salt, excluding lithium salt, aluminum salt, iron salt, copper salt, sodium salt, or a combination thereof, dissolved in water, organic solvent, ionic liquid solvent, or a combination thereof wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is from 1 minute to 60 minutes. Currently amended
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
supercapacitor, sodium battery, or lithium battery
No layer stack recorded.
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphitic material (non-intercalated, non-oxidized)
graphene
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 0.34–1.7 nm | — |
Duration |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,896,784Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG.1 A flow chart showing the most commonly used prior art process of producing highly oxidized NGPs that entails tedious chemical oxidation/intercalation, …
FIG. 2(A), one preferred embodiment of this method entails subjecting a suspension (containing a graphitic material dispersed in a metal salt 5 solution) to …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of producing graphene directly from a non-intercalated and non-oxidized graphitic material, said method comprising: (a) dispersing said graphitic material in a liquid solution to form a suspension, wherein said graphitic material has never been previously exposed to chemical intercalation or oxidation; and (b) subjecting said suspension to microwave or radio frequency irradiation with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for producing said graphene; wherein said liquid solution contains a metal salt dissolved in water, organic solvent, ionic liquid solvent, or a combination thereof, wherein said liquid solution has a salt concentration from 0. 0 1M to 10 M; wherein said method does not include strong acids. Currently amended
The method of claim 1, wherein said metal salt is a metal halide selected from the group consisting of MC l (M = Li, Na, K, Cs), MC l 2 (M = Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn), MC l 3 (M = Al, Fe, Ga), MC l 4 (M = Zr, Pt), MF 2 (M = Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn), MF 3 (M = Al, Fe, Ga), MF 4 (M = Zr, Pt), and combinations thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said metal salt includes an alkali metal salt selected from lithium perchlorate (LiC lO 4), sodium perchlorate (NaC lO 4), potassium perchlorate (KC 1O 4), sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF 6), potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF 6), sodium borofluoride (NaBF 4), potassium borofluoride (KBF 4), sodium hexafluoroarsenide, potassium hexafluoroarsenide, sodium trifluoro- methanesulfonate (NaCF 3 SO 3), potassium trifluoro-methanesulfonate (KCF 3 SO 3), b is- trifluoromethyl sulfonylimide sodium (NaN(CF 3 SO 2) 2), sodium trifluoromethanesulfonimide (NaTFS I), bis-trifluoromethyl sulfonylimide potassium (KN(CF 3 SO 2) 2), a sodium ionic liquid salt, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6), lithium borofluoride (LiBF 4), lithium hexafluoroarsenide (LiAsF 6), lithium trifluoro-methanesulfonate (LiCF 3 SO 3), b is- trifluoromethyl sulfonylimide lithium (LiN(CF 3 SO 2) 2), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiB O B), lithium oxalyldifluoroborate (LiBF 2 C 2 O 4), lithium nitrate (LiNO 3), Li-fluoroalkyl-phosphates (LiPF 3 (CF 2 CF 3) 3), lithium bispe r fluoro-ethysulfonylimide (LiBETI), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide, lithium bis(fluorosulphonyl)imide, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiTFSI), an ionic liquid lithium salt, or a combination thereof. Previously presented
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphitic material is selected from natural graphite, synthetic graphite, amorphous graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, meso- carbon microbead, graphitized meso-phase carbon, needle coke, carbon fiber, graphite fiber, carbon nano-fiber, graphitic nano-fiber, graphite fluoride, chemically modified graphite, expanded graphite, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is from 1 minute to 60 minutes. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is less than 30 minutes. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is less than 10 minutes. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation is followed by a mechanical shearing treatment to produce a thinner or smaller graphene material. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said liquid solution further comprises a chemical functionalizing agent and said microwave or radio frequency irradiation activates a chemical reaction between said agent and said graphene to produce a chemically functionalized graphene material. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene contains single-layer graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene contains at least 80% single-layer graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene contains pristine graphene, oxidized graphene with less than 5% oxygen content by weight, graphene fluoride, graphene fluoride with less than 5% fluorine by weight, graphene with a carbon content no less than 95% by weight, or functionalized graphene. Original
A slurry containing said metal salt solution and graphene sheets created by the process of claim 1. Original
A method of producing graphene directly from a non-intercalated and non-oxidized graphitic material, said method comprising: (a) dispersing said graphitic material in a liquid solution to form a suspension, wherein said graphitic material has never been previously exposed to chemical intercalation or oxidation; and (b) subjecting said suspension to microwave or radio frequency irradiation; wherein said liquid solution contains a metal salt, excluding lithium salt, aluminum salt, iron salt, copper salt, sodium salt, or a combination thereof, dissolved in water, organic solvent, ionic liquid solvent, or a combination thereof wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is from 1 minute to 60 minutes. Currently amended
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
supercapacitor, sodium battery, or lithium battery
No layer stack recorded.
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphitic material (non-intercalated, non-oxidized)
graphene
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 0.34–1.7 nm | — |
Duration |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,896,784Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG.1 A flow chart showing the most commonly used prior art process of producing highly oxidized NGPs that entails tedious chemical oxidation/intercalation, …
FIG. 2(A), one preferred embodiment of this method entails subjecting a suspension (containing a graphitic material dispersed in a metal salt 5 solution) to …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of producing graphene directly from a non-intercalated and non-oxidized graphitic material, said method comprising: (a) dispersing said graphitic material in a liquid solution to form a suspension, wherein said graphitic material has never been previously exposed to chemical intercalation or oxidation; and (b) subjecting said suspension to microwave or radio frequency irradiation with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for producing said graphene; wherein said liquid solution contains a metal salt dissolved in water, organic solvent, ionic liquid solvent, or a combination thereof, wherein said liquid solution has a salt concentration from 0. 0 1M to 10 M; wherein said method does not include strong acids. Currently amended
The method of claim 1, wherein said metal salt is a metal halide selected from the group consisting of MC l (M = Li, Na, K, Cs), MC l 2 (M = Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn), MC l 3 (M = Al, Fe, Ga), MC l 4 (M = Zr, Pt), MF 2 (M = Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn), MF 3 (M = Al, Fe, Ga), MF 4 (M = Zr, Pt), and combinations thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said metal salt includes an alkali metal salt selected from lithium perchlorate (LiC lO 4), sodium perchlorate (NaC lO 4), potassium perchlorate (KC 1O 4), sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF 6), potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF 6), sodium borofluoride (NaBF 4), potassium borofluoride (KBF 4), sodium hexafluoroarsenide, potassium hexafluoroarsenide, sodium trifluoro- methanesulfonate (NaCF 3 SO 3), potassium trifluoro-methanesulfonate (KCF 3 SO 3), b is- trifluoromethyl sulfonylimide sodium (NaN(CF 3 SO 2) 2), sodium trifluoromethanesulfonimide (NaTFS I), bis-trifluoromethyl sulfonylimide potassium (KN(CF 3 SO 2) 2), a sodium ionic liquid salt, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6), lithium borofluoride (LiBF 4), lithium hexafluoroarsenide (LiAsF 6), lithium trifluoro-methanesulfonate (LiCF 3 SO 3), b is- trifluoromethyl sulfonylimide lithium (LiN(CF 3 SO 2) 2), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiB O B), lithium oxalyldifluoroborate (LiBF 2 C 2 O 4), lithium nitrate (LiNO 3), Li-fluoroalkyl-phosphates (LiPF 3 (CF 2 CF 3) 3), lithium bispe r fluoro-ethysulfonylimide (LiBETI), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide, lithium bis(fluorosulphonyl)imide, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiTFSI), an ionic liquid lithium salt, or a combination thereof. Previously presented
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphitic material is selected from natural graphite, synthetic graphite, amorphous graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, meso- carbon microbead, graphitized meso-phase carbon, needle coke, carbon fiber, graphite fiber, carbon nano-fiber, graphitic nano-fiber, graphite fluoride, chemically modified graphite, expanded graphite, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is from 1 minute to 60 minutes. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is less than 30 minutes. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is less than 10 minutes. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation is followed by a mechanical shearing treatment to produce a thinner or smaller graphene material. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said liquid solution further comprises a chemical functionalizing agent and said microwave or radio frequency irradiation activates a chemical reaction between said agent and said graphene to produce a chemically functionalized graphene material. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene contains single-layer graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene contains at least 80% single-layer graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene contains pristine graphene, oxidized graphene with less than 5% oxygen content by weight, graphene fluoride, graphene fluoride with less than 5% fluorine by weight, graphene with a carbon content no less than 95% by weight, or functionalized graphene. Original
A slurry containing said metal salt solution and graphene sheets created by the process of claim 1. Original
A method of producing graphene directly from a non-intercalated and non-oxidized graphitic material, said method comprising: (a) dispersing said graphitic material in a liquid solution to form a suspension, wherein said graphitic material has never been previously exposed to chemical intercalation or oxidation; and (b) subjecting said suspension to microwave or radio frequency irradiation; wherein said liquid solution contains a metal salt, excluding lithium salt, aluminum salt, iron salt, copper salt, sodium salt, or a combination thereof, dissolved in water, organic solvent, ionic liquid solvent, or a combination thereof wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is from 1 minute to 60 minutes. Currently amended
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
supercapacitor, sodium battery, or lithium battery
No layer stack recorded.
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphitic material (non-intercalated, non-oxidized)
graphene
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 0.34–1.7 nm | — |
Duration |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,896,784Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG.1 A flow chart showing the most commonly used prior art process of producing highly oxidized NGPs that entails tedious chemical oxidation/intercalation, …
FIG. 2(A), one preferred embodiment of this method entails subjecting a suspension (containing a graphitic material dispersed in a metal salt 5 solution) to …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of producing graphene directly from a non-intercalated and non-oxidized graphitic material, said method comprising: (a) dispersing said graphitic material in a liquid solution to form a suspension, wherein said graphitic material has never been previously exposed to chemical intercalation or oxidation; and (b) subjecting said suspension to microwave or radio frequency irradiation with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for producing said graphene; wherein said liquid solution contains a metal salt dissolved in water, organic solvent, ionic liquid solvent, or a combination thereof, wherein said liquid solution has a salt concentration from 0. 0 1M to 10 M; wherein said method does not include strong acids. Currently amended
The method of claim 1, wherein said metal salt is a metal halide selected from the group consisting of MC l (M = Li, Na, K, Cs), MC l 2 (M = Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn), MC l 3 (M = Al, Fe, Ga), MC l 4 (M = Zr, Pt), MF 2 (M = Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn), MF 3 (M = Al, Fe, Ga), MF 4 (M = Zr, Pt), and combinations thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said metal salt includes an alkali metal salt selected from lithium perchlorate (LiC lO 4), sodium perchlorate (NaC lO 4), potassium perchlorate (KC 1O 4), sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF 6), potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF 6), sodium borofluoride (NaBF 4), potassium borofluoride (KBF 4), sodium hexafluoroarsenide, potassium hexafluoroarsenide, sodium trifluoro- methanesulfonate (NaCF 3 SO 3), potassium trifluoro-methanesulfonate (KCF 3 SO 3), b is- trifluoromethyl sulfonylimide sodium (NaN(CF 3 SO 2) 2), sodium trifluoromethanesulfonimide (NaTFS I), bis-trifluoromethyl sulfonylimide potassium (KN(CF 3 SO 2) 2), a sodium ionic liquid salt, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6), lithium borofluoride (LiBF 4), lithium hexafluoroarsenide (LiAsF 6), lithium trifluoro-methanesulfonate (LiCF 3 SO 3), b is- trifluoromethyl sulfonylimide lithium (LiN(CF 3 SO 2) 2), lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiB O B), lithium oxalyldifluoroborate (LiBF 2 C 2 O 4), lithium nitrate (LiNO 3), Li-fluoroalkyl-phosphates (LiPF 3 (CF 2 CF 3) 3), lithium bispe r fluoro-ethysulfonylimide (LiBETI), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide, lithium bis(fluorosulphonyl)imide, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiTFSI), an ionic liquid lithium salt, or a combination thereof. Previously presented
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphitic material is selected from natural graphite, synthetic graphite, amorphous graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, meso- carbon microbead, graphitized meso-phase carbon, needle coke, carbon fiber, graphite fiber, carbon nano-fiber, graphitic nano-fiber, graphite fluoride, chemically modified graphite, expanded graphite, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is from 1 minute to 60 minutes. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is less than 30 minutes. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is less than 10 minutes. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation is followed by a mechanical shearing treatment to produce a thinner or smaller graphene material. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said liquid solution further comprises a chemical functionalizing agent and said microwave or radio frequency irradiation activates a chemical reaction between said agent and said graphene to produce a chemically functionalized graphene material. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene contains single-layer graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene contains at least 80% single-layer graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene contains pristine graphene, oxidized graphene with less than 5% oxygen content by weight, graphene fluoride, graphene fluoride with less than 5% fluorine by weight, graphene with a carbon content no less than 95% by weight, or functionalized graphene. Original
A slurry containing said metal salt solution and graphene sheets created by the process of claim 1. Original
A method of producing graphene directly from a non-intercalated and non-oxidized graphitic material, said method comprising: (a) dispersing said graphitic material in a liquid solution to form a suspension, wherein said graphitic material has never been previously exposed to chemical intercalation or oxidation; and (b) subjecting said suspension to microwave or radio frequency irradiation; wherein said liquid solution contains a metal salt, excluding lithium salt, aluminum salt, iron salt, copper salt, sodium salt, or a combination thereof, dissolved in water, organic solvent, ionic liquid solvent, or a combination thereof wherein said microwave or radio frequency irradiation time is from 1 minute to 60 minutes. Currently amended
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
supercapacitor, sodium battery, or lithium battery
No layer stack recorded.
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphitic material (non-intercalated, non-oxidized)
graphene
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 0.34–1.7 nm | — |
Duration |
metal salt solution
metal halide salt
alkali metal salt
organic solvent
chemically functionalized graphene
graphene fluoride
pristine graphene
| — |
Temperature | 800–1100 °C | — |
Temperature | 950–1050 °C | — |
Duration | 3–30 minutes | — |
Duration | 2–10 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 30 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 10 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 50 minutes | — |
Duration | 1–60 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 1 minute | — |
Duration | ≤ 60 minutes | — |
metal salt solution
metal halide salt
alkali metal salt
organic solvent
chemically functionalized graphene
graphene fluoride
pristine graphene
| — |
Temperature | 800–1100 °C | — |
Temperature | 950–1050 °C | — |
Duration | 3–30 minutes | — |
Duration | 2–10 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 30 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 10 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 50 minutes | — |
Duration | 1–60 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 1 minute | — |
Duration | ≤ 60 minutes | — |
metal salt solution
metal halide salt
alkali metal salt
organic solvent
chemically functionalized graphene
graphene fluoride
pristine graphene
| — |
Temperature | 800–1100 °C | — |
Temperature | 950–1050 °C | — |
Duration | 3–30 minutes | — |
Duration | 2–10 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 30 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 10 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 50 minutes | — |
Duration | 1–60 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 1 minute | — |
Duration | ≤ 60 minutes | — |
metal salt solution
metal halide salt
alkali metal salt
organic solvent
chemically functionalized graphene
graphene fluoride
pristine graphene
| — |
Temperature | 800–1100 °C | — |
Temperature | 950–1050 °C | — |
Duration | 3–30 minutes | — |
Duration | 2–10 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 30 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 10 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 50 minutes | — |
Duration | 1–60 minutes | — |
Duration | ≤ 1 minute | — |
Duration | ≤ 60 minutes | — |