Patent
US 9,914,817POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON FUNCTIONALIZED
Andy H. Tsou, Hillary L. Bradshaw, Yong Yang
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,914,817Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A nanofiller dispersant composition comprising: (a) the reaction product of: (i) at least one halogenated copolymer comprising units derived 5 from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons and a para-alky l styrene; and (ii) at least one polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH); and (b) at least one nanofiller.
The composition of claim 1, wherein the PAH is polynuclear.
The composition of claim 1, 15 wherein the halogenated copolymer is brominated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene) (BIMSM), wherein the BIMSM comprises a benzylic bromine functionality, and wherein from 4 % to 80 % of the benzylic bromine functionality is covalently bonded to the PAH.
The composition of claim 1, wherein the PAH comprises a functional group.
A method for producing a nanofiller dispersant composition, the method comprising: (a) combining -33- 2015EM₂₈₇/2-US (i) at least one halogenated copolymer comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons and a para-alky l styrene; and (ii) at least one PAH in a solvent under basic conditions at a temperature ranging from 30 ° C to 150 ° C to produce a reaction product; and (b) mixing the reaction product with at least one nanofiller.
The method of claim 8, wherein the PAH is polynuclear. 10
The method of claim 8, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of C 6 to C s aliphatic hydrocarbons, C 6 to C 20 aryls, halogenated C 6 to C 20 aryls, and mixtures thereof.
The method of claim 8, wherein the halogenated copolymer is BIMSM. 15
The method of claim 8, wherein the PAH comprises a functional group selected from the group consisting of amines, alcohols, aldehydes, alkoxides, alkenes, carboxylic acids, thiols, acid halides, acid anhydrides, aziridines, epoxides, amides, and combinations thereof.
The method of claim 8, further comprising mixing the nanofiller dispersant 20 composition with at least one halogenated elastomer component comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons to obtain an elastomeric nanocomposite composition, wherein the nanocomposite composition comprises from 0.01 wt % to 15.0 wt % of the nanofiller and from 0.5 wt % to 45 wt % of the nanofiller dispersant, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the nanofiller dispersant, the elastomer 25 component, and the nanofiller.
The method of claim 8, wherein the nanofiller is selected from the group consisting of graphite, expanded graphite, nano graphene platelets (NGPs), graphene, and mixtures thereof.
An elastomeric nanocomposite composition comprising: (a) a nanofiller dispersant comprising the reaction product of (i) at least one halogenated copolymer comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons and a para-alkylstyrene; and (ii) at least one PAH, 10 (b) at least one halogenated elastomer component comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons; and (c) at least one nanofiller, wherein the nanofiller dispersant is present from 0.5 wt % to 45 wt % based on the total weight of the nanofiller dispersant, the elastomer component, and the nanofiller; 15 and wherein the nanofiller is present at from 0.01 wt % to 15.0 wt % based on the total weight of the nanofiller dispersant, the elastomer component, and the nanofiller.
The composition of claim 17, wherein the PAH is polynuclear. 20
The composition of claim 17, wherein the nanofiller is selected from the group consisting of graphite, expanded graphite, NGPs, graphene, and mixtures thereof.
The composition of claim 17, wherein the halogenated elastomer component is selected from the group consisting of C II R, B I IR, and mixtures thereof.
The composition of claim 20, wherein the oxygen permeability of the elastomeric nanocomposite at 40 ° C is at least 15 % lower than the permeability of the halogenated elastomer component. 30 22. The composition of claim 17, wherein the halogenated copolymer is BIMSM. -35- 2015EM₂₈₇/2-US
The composition of claim 17, wherein the PAH comprises a functional group selected from the group consisting of amines, alcohols, aldehydes, alkoxides, alkenes, carboxylic acids, thiols, acid halides, acid anhydrides, aziridines, epoxides, amides, and combinations thereof.
The composition of claim 17, further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of additional fillers, processing oils, cure additives, and mixtures thereof, wherein the cure additives are selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, organic acids, alkyl disulfides, and mixtures thereof. 10 25. An innerliner for a tire comprising the composition of claim 17. -36-
Materials described outside the worked examples.
brominated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene) (BIMSM)
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
durability of vulcanized rubber compounds are directly related to the number (crosslink density) and type of crosslinks formed during the vulcanization reaction. (See, e.g., Helt et al., The Post 20 Vulcanization Stabilization for NR, Rubber World 18 -23(1991)
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
oxygen permeability reduction at 40°C vs halogenated elastomer component | ≥ 15 | — |
Temperature | 30–150 °C |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,914,817Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A nanofiller dispersant composition comprising: (a) the reaction product of: (i) at least one halogenated copolymer comprising units derived 5 from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons and a para-alky l styrene; and (ii) at least one polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH); and (b) at least one nanofiller.
The composition of claim 1, wherein the PAH is polynuclear.
The composition of claim 1, 15 wherein the halogenated copolymer is brominated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene) (BIMSM), wherein the BIMSM comprises a benzylic bromine functionality, and wherein from 4 % to 80 % of the benzylic bromine functionality is covalently bonded to the PAH.
The composition of claim 1, wherein the PAH comprises a functional group.
A method for producing a nanofiller dispersant composition, the method comprising: (a) combining -33- 2015EM₂₈₇/2-US (i) at least one halogenated copolymer comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons and a para-alky l styrene; and (ii) at least one PAH in a solvent under basic conditions at a temperature ranging from 30 ° C to 150 ° C to produce a reaction product; and (b) mixing the reaction product with at least one nanofiller.
The method of claim 8, wherein the PAH is polynuclear. 10
The method of claim 8, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of C 6 to C s aliphatic hydrocarbons, C 6 to C 20 aryls, halogenated C 6 to C 20 aryls, and mixtures thereof.
The method of claim 8, wherein the halogenated copolymer is BIMSM. 15
The method of claim 8, wherein the PAH comprises a functional group selected from the group consisting of amines, alcohols, aldehydes, alkoxides, alkenes, carboxylic acids, thiols, acid halides, acid anhydrides, aziridines, epoxides, amides, and combinations thereof.
The method of claim 8, further comprising mixing the nanofiller dispersant 20 composition with at least one halogenated elastomer component comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons to obtain an elastomeric nanocomposite composition, wherein the nanocomposite composition comprises from 0.01 wt % to 15.0 wt % of the nanofiller and from 0.5 wt % to 45 wt % of the nanofiller dispersant, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the nanofiller dispersant, the elastomer 25 component, and the nanofiller.
The method of claim 8, wherein the nanofiller is selected from the group consisting of graphite, expanded graphite, nano graphene platelets (NGPs), graphene, and mixtures thereof.
An elastomeric nanocomposite composition comprising: (a) a nanofiller dispersant comprising the reaction product of (i) at least one halogenated copolymer comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons and a para-alkylstyrene; and (ii) at least one PAH, 10 (b) at least one halogenated elastomer component comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons; and (c) at least one nanofiller, wherein the nanofiller dispersant is present from 0.5 wt % to 45 wt % based on the total weight of the nanofiller dispersant, the elastomer component, and the nanofiller; 15 and wherein the nanofiller is present at from 0.01 wt % to 15.0 wt % based on the total weight of the nanofiller dispersant, the elastomer component, and the nanofiller.
The composition of claim 17, wherein the PAH is polynuclear. 20
The composition of claim 17, wherein the nanofiller is selected from the group consisting of graphite, expanded graphite, NGPs, graphene, and mixtures thereof.
The composition of claim 17, wherein the halogenated elastomer component is selected from the group consisting of C II R, B I IR, and mixtures thereof.
The composition of claim 20, wherein the oxygen permeability of the elastomeric nanocomposite at 40 ° C is at least 15 % lower than the permeability of the halogenated elastomer component. 30 22. The composition of claim 17, wherein the halogenated copolymer is BIMSM. -35- 2015EM₂₈₇/2-US
The composition of claim 17, wherein the PAH comprises a functional group selected from the group consisting of amines, alcohols, aldehydes, alkoxides, alkenes, carboxylic acids, thiols, acid halides, acid anhydrides, aziridines, epoxides, amides, and combinations thereof.
The composition of claim 17, further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of additional fillers, processing oils, cure additives, and mixtures thereof, wherein the cure additives are selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, organic acids, alkyl disulfides, and mixtures thereof. 10 25. An innerliner for a tire comprising the composition of claim 17. -36-
Materials described outside the worked examples.
brominated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene) (BIMSM)
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
durability of vulcanized rubber compounds are directly related to the number (crosslink density) and type of crosslinks formed during the vulcanization reaction. (See, e.g., Helt et al., The Post 20 Vulcanization Stabilization for NR, Rubber World 18 -23(1991)
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
oxygen permeability reduction at 40°C vs halogenated elastomer component | ≥ 15 | — |
Temperature | 30–150 °C |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,914,817Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A nanofiller dispersant composition comprising: (a) the reaction product of: (i) at least one halogenated copolymer comprising units derived 5 from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons and a para-alky l styrene; and (ii) at least one polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH); and (b) at least one nanofiller.
The composition of claim 1, wherein the PAH is polynuclear.
The composition of claim 1, 15 wherein the halogenated copolymer is brominated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene) (BIMSM), wherein the BIMSM comprises a benzylic bromine functionality, and wherein from 4 % to 80 % of the benzylic bromine functionality is covalently bonded to the PAH.
The composition of claim 1, wherein the PAH comprises a functional group.
A method for producing a nanofiller dispersant composition, the method comprising: (a) combining -33- 2015EM₂₈₇/2-US (i) at least one halogenated copolymer comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons and a para-alky l styrene; and (ii) at least one PAH in a solvent under basic conditions at a temperature ranging from 30 ° C to 150 ° C to produce a reaction product; and (b) mixing the reaction product with at least one nanofiller.
The method of claim 8, wherein the PAH is polynuclear. 10
The method of claim 8, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of C 6 to C s aliphatic hydrocarbons, C 6 to C 20 aryls, halogenated C 6 to C 20 aryls, and mixtures thereof.
The method of claim 8, wherein the halogenated copolymer is BIMSM. 15
The method of claim 8, wherein the PAH comprises a functional group selected from the group consisting of amines, alcohols, aldehydes, alkoxides, alkenes, carboxylic acids, thiols, acid halides, acid anhydrides, aziridines, epoxides, amides, and combinations thereof.
The method of claim 8, further comprising mixing the nanofiller dispersant 20 composition with at least one halogenated elastomer component comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons to obtain an elastomeric nanocomposite composition, wherein the nanocomposite composition comprises from 0.01 wt % to 15.0 wt % of the nanofiller and from 0.5 wt % to 45 wt % of the nanofiller dispersant, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the nanofiller dispersant, the elastomer 25 component, and the nanofiller.
The method of claim 8, wherein the nanofiller is selected from the group consisting of graphite, expanded graphite, nano graphene platelets (NGPs), graphene, and mixtures thereof.
An elastomeric nanocomposite composition comprising: (a) a nanofiller dispersant comprising the reaction product of (i) at least one halogenated copolymer comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons and a para-alkylstyrene; and (ii) at least one PAH, 10 (b) at least one halogenated elastomer component comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons; and (c) at least one nanofiller, wherein the nanofiller dispersant is present from 0.5 wt % to 45 wt % based on the total weight of the nanofiller dispersant, the elastomer component, and the nanofiller; 15 and wherein the nanofiller is present at from 0.01 wt % to 15.0 wt % based on the total weight of the nanofiller dispersant, the elastomer component, and the nanofiller.
The composition of claim 17, wherein the PAH is polynuclear. 20
The composition of claim 17, wherein the nanofiller is selected from the group consisting of graphite, expanded graphite, NGPs, graphene, and mixtures thereof.
The composition of claim 17, wherein the halogenated elastomer component is selected from the group consisting of C II R, B I IR, and mixtures thereof.
The composition of claim 20, wherein the oxygen permeability of the elastomeric nanocomposite at 40 ° C is at least 15 % lower than the permeability of the halogenated elastomer component. 30 22. The composition of claim 17, wherein the halogenated copolymer is BIMSM. -35- 2015EM₂₈₇/2-US
The composition of claim 17, wherein the PAH comprises a functional group selected from the group consisting of amines, alcohols, aldehydes, alkoxides, alkenes, carboxylic acids, thiols, acid halides, acid anhydrides, aziridines, epoxides, amides, and combinations thereof.
The composition of claim 17, further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of additional fillers, processing oils, cure additives, and mixtures thereof, wherein the cure additives are selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, organic acids, alkyl disulfides, and mixtures thereof. 10 25. An innerliner for a tire comprising the composition of claim 17. -36-
Materials described outside the worked examples.
brominated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene) (BIMSM)
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
durability of vulcanized rubber compounds are directly related to the number (crosslink density) and type of crosslinks formed during the vulcanization reaction. (See, e.g., Helt et al., The Post 20 Vulcanization Stabilization for NR, Rubber World 18 -23(1991)
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
oxygen permeability reduction at 40°C vs halogenated elastomer component | ≥ 15 | — |
Temperature | 30–150 °C |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,914,817Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A nanofiller dispersant composition comprising: (a) the reaction product of: (i) at least one halogenated copolymer comprising units derived 5 from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons and a para-alky l styrene; and (ii) at least one polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH); and (b) at least one nanofiller.
The composition of claim 1, wherein the PAH is polynuclear.
The composition of claim 1, 15 wherein the halogenated copolymer is brominated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene) (BIMSM), wherein the BIMSM comprises a benzylic bromine functionality, and wherein from 4 % to 80 % of the benzylic bromine functionality is covalently bonded to the PAH.
The composition of claim 1, wherein the PAH comprises a functional group.
A method for producing a nanofiller dispersant composition, the method comprising: (a) combining -33- 2015EM₂₈₇/2-US (i) at least one halogenated copolymer comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons and a para-alky l styrene; and (ii) at least one PAH in a solvent under basic conditions at a temperature ranging from 30 ° C to 150 ° C to produce a reaction product; and (b) mixing the reaction product with at least one nanofiller.
The method of claim 8, wherein the PAH is polynuclear. 10
The method of claim 8, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of C 6 to C s aliphatic hydrocarbons, C 6 to C 20 aryls, halogenated C 6 to C 20 aryls, and mixtures thereof.
The method of claim 8, wherein the halogenated copolymer is BIMSM. 15
The method of claim 8, wherein the PAH comprises a functional group selected from the group consisting of amines, alcohols, aldehydes, alkoxides, alkenes, carboxylic acids, thiols, acid halides, acid anhydrides, aziridines, epoxides, amides, and combinations thereof.
The method of claim 8, further comprising mixing the nanofiller dispersant 20 composition with at least one halogenated elastomer component comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons to obtain an elastomeric nanocomposite composition, wherein the nanocomposite composition comprises from 0.01 wt % to 15.0 wt % of the nanofiller and from 0.5 wt % to 45 wt % of the nanofiller dispersant, wherein the weight percentages are based on the total weight of the nanofiller dispersant, the elastomer 25 component, and the nanofiller.
The method of claim 8, wherein the nanofiller is selected from the group consisting of graphite, expanded graphite, nano graphene platelets (NGPs), graphene, and mixtures thereof.
An elastomeric nanocomposite composition comprising: (a) a nanofiller dispersant comprising the reaction product of (i) at least one halogenated copolymer comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons and a para-alkylstyrene; and (ii) at least one PAH, 10 (b) at least one halogenated elastomer component comprising units derived from isoolefins having from 4 to 7 carbons; and (c) at least one nanofiller, wherein the nanofiller dispersant is present from 0.5 wt % to 45 wt % based on the total weight of the nanofiller dispersant, the elastomer component, and the nanofiller; 15 and wherein the nanofiller is present at from 0.01 wt % to 15.0 wt % based on the total weight of the nanofiller dispersant, the elastomer component, and the nanofiller.
The composition of claim 17, wherein the PAH is polynuclear. 20
The composition of claim 17, wherein the nanofiller is selected from the group consisting of graphite, expanded graphite, NGPs, graphene, and mixtures thereof.
The composition of claim 17, wherein the halogenated elastomer component is selected from the group consisting of C II R, B I IR, and mixtures thereof.
The composition of claim 20, wherein the oxygen permeability of the elastomeric nanocomposite at 40 ° C is at least 15 % lower than the permeability of the halogenated elastomer component. 30 22. The composition of claim 17, wherein the halogenated copolymer is BIMSM. -35- 2015EM₂₈₇/2-US
The composition of claim 17, wherein the PAH comprises a functional group selected from the group consisting of amines, alcohols, aldehydes, alkoxides, alkenes, carboxylic acids, thiols, acid halides, acid anhydrides, aziridines, epoxides, amides, and combinations thereof.
The composition of claim 17, further comprising at least one component selected from the group consisting of additional fillers, processing oils, cure additives, and mixtures thereof, wherein the cure additives are selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, organic acids, alkyl disulfides, and mixtures thereof. 10 25. An innerliner for a tire comprising the composition of claim 17. -36-
Materials described outside the worked examples.
brominated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene) (BIMSM)
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
durability of vulcanized rubber compounds are directly related to the number (crosslink density) and type of crosslinks formed during the vulcanization reaction. (See, e.g., Helt et al., The Post 20 Vulcanization Stabilization for NR, Rubber World 18 -23(1991)
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
oxygen permeability reduction at 40°C vs halogenated elastomer component | ≥ 15 | — |
Temperature | 30–150 °C |
nanofiller
anthracene
pyrene
benzopyrene
coronene
ovalene
halogenated elastomer component
graphite
expanded graphite
nano graphene platelets (NGPs)
graphene
chlorinated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) (CIIR)
brominated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) (BIIR)
| — |
Temperature | 50–170 °C | — |
Temperature | 0–200 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–340 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–300 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–60 °C | — |
Temperature | 140–190 °C | — |
Temperature | 60–100 °C | — |
Temperature | 4–60 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.1–500 µm | — |
Thickness | 0.5–350 µm | — |
Thickness | 1–100 µm | — |
Thickness | 1–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–50 µm | — |
Duration | 20–90 seconds | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 50 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 30 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 cm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 160 °C | — |
nanofiller
anthracene
pyrene
benzopyrene
coronene
ovalene
halogenated elastomer component
graphite
expanded graphite
nano graphene platelets (NGPs)
graphene
chlorinated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) (CIIR)
brominated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) (BIIR)
| — |
Temperature | 50–170 °C | — |
Temperature | 0–200 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–340 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–300 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–60 °C | — |
Temperature | 140–190 °C | — |
Temperature | 60–100 °C | — |
Temperature | 4–60 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.1–500 µm | — |
Thickness | 0.5–350 µm | — |
Thickness | 1–100 µm | — |
Thickness | 1–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–50 µm | — |
Duration | 20–90 seconds | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 50 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 30 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 cm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 160 °C | — |
nanofiller
anthracene
pyrene
benzopyrene
coronene
ovalene
halogenated elastomer component
graphite
expanded graphite
nano graphene platelets (NGPs)
graphene
chlorinated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) (CIIR)
brominated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) (BIIR)
| — |
Temperature | 50–170 °C | — |
Temperature | 0–200 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–340 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–300 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–60 °C | — |
Temperature | 140–190 °C | — |
Temperature | 60–100 °C | — |
Temperature | 4–60 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.1–500 µm | — |
Thickness | 0.5–350 µm | — |
Thickness | 1–100 µm | — |
Thickness | 1–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–50 µm | — |
Duration | 20–90 seconds | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 50 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 30 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 cm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 160 °C | — |
nanofiller
anthracene
pyrene
benzopyrene
coronene
ovalene
halogenated elastomer component
graphite
expanded graphite
nano graphene platelets (NGPs)
graphene
chlorinated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) (CIIR)
brominated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) (BIIR)
| — |
Temperature | 50–170 °C | — |
Temperature | 0–200 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–340 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–300 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–60 °C | — |
Temperature | 140–190 °C | — |
Temperature | 60–100 °C | — |
Temperature | 4–60 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.1–500 µm | — |
Thickness | 0.5–350 µm | — |
Thickness | 1–100 µm | — |
Thickness | 1–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–50 µm | — |
Duration | 20–90 seconds | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 50 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 30 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 cm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 160 °C | — |