Abstract

As planetary nebulae evolve, they develop slow and strong dust-driven stellar winds, making the joint study of dust and gas essential for understanding their nature. As a pilot investigation, we selected PN K 3-54 as our target, the only known PN in the Milky Way to exhibit infrared emission from both graphene (C₂₄) and fullerene (C₆₀). The gas is traced via molecular line emissions from 12CO, 13CO, and C₁₈O (J = 1 → 0), observed using the 13.7 m telescope of the Purple Mountain Observatory. We investigate the dynamics of this PN and identify a bipolar outflow. Preliminary results suggest that the large dynamical timescale of the outflow and the weak shock environment may account for the simultaneous survival of C₂₄ and C₆₀ within and around PN K 3-54.

Abstract

As planetary nebulae evolve, they develop slow and strong dust-driven stellar winds, making the joint study of dust and gas essential for understanding their nature. As a pilot investigation, we selected PN K 3-54 as our target, the only known PN in the Milky Way to exhibit infrared emission from both graphene (C₂₄) and fullerene (C₆₀). The gas is traced via molecular line emissions from 12CO, 13CO, and C₁₈O (J = 1 → 0), observed using the 13.7 m telescope of the Purple Mountain Observatory. We investigate the dynamics of this PN and identify a bipolar outflow. Preliminary results suggest that the large dynamical timescale of the outflow and the weak shock environment may account for the simultaneous survival of C₂₄ and C₆₀ within and around PN K 3-54.

Abstract

As planetary nebulae evolve, they develop slow and strong dust-driven stellar winds, making the joint study of dust and gas essential for understanding their nature. As a pilot investigation, we selected PN K 3-54 as our target, the only known PN in the Milky Way to exhibit infrared emission from both graphene (C₂₄) and fullerene (C₆₀). The gas is traced via molecular line emissions from 12CO, 13CO, and C₁₈O (J = 1 → 0), observed using the 13.7 m telescope of the Purple Mountain Observatory. We investigate the dynamics of this PN and identify a bipolar outflow. Preliminary results suggest that the large dynamical timescale of the outflow and the weak shock environment may account for the simultaneous survival of C₂₄ and C₆₀ within and around PN K 3-54.

Abstract

As planetary nebulae evolve, they develop slow and strong dust-driven stellar winds, making the joint study of dust and gas essential for understanding their nature. As a pilot investigation, we selected PN K 3-54 as our target, the only known PN in the Milky Way to exhibit infrared emission from both graphene (C₂₄) and fullerene (C₆₀). The gas is traced via molecular line emissions from 12CO, 13CO, and C₁₈O (J = 1 → 0), observed using the 13.7 m telescope of the Purple Mountain Observatory. We investigate the dynamics of this PN and identify a bipolar outflow. Preliminary results suggest that the large dynamical timescale of the outflow and the weak shock environment may account for the simultaneous survival of C₂₄ and C₆₀ within and around PN K 3-54.