Patent
US 9,764,955A METHOD FOR PRODUCING GRAPHENE WITH A CONTROLLABLE NUMBER OF
Farag Saeed Marshoud AL-HAZMI
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
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US 9,764,955Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
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A method for producing graphene nanosheets with a predetermined number of layers of graphene, the predetermined number selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3-5, 6-8, and 9-15, the method comprising: (a) selecting a dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with 1 layer of graphene have an average thickness of less than 0.4 nm, the graphene nanosheets with 2 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 0.4-0.8 nm, the graphene nanosheets with 3-5 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 1-1. 65 nm, the graphene nanosheets with 6-8 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 2-2.7 nm, and the graphene nanosheets with 9-15 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 3-5 nm.
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with the predetermined number of layers of graphene are pristine graphene with an oxidized graphene content of less than 5 % by weight relative to the total weight of the graphene nanosheets.
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with the predetermined number of layers of graphene are pristine graphene with a carbon content of greater than 95 % by weight relative to the total weight of the graphene nanosheets.
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with the predetermined number of 1 or 2 layers of graphene are at least 80 % of the total graphene nanosheets produced.
The method of claim 21, wherein the dicarboxylic acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of a linear unsubstituted dicarboxylic 3 Application No. 15/000,808 Further to the amendment of acid, a linear substituted dicarboxylic acid, an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, an alkylitaconate dicarboxylic acid, and a branched-chain dicarboxylic acid.
The method of claim 21, wherein the dicarboxylic acid is a linear dicarboxylic acid and has the general formula HOOC-(CH 2) -COOH, wherein n is a whole number in the range of 0-2 or 4-8.
The method of claim 21, wherein the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 0.3-0.5 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 1 layer of graphene is oxalic acid, the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 0.55-0.75 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 2 layers of graphene is succinic acid, the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 0.95-1.0 nm for producing graphene nanosheets w ith 3-5 layers of graphene is adipic acid, the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 1. 15-1.25 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 6-8 layers of graphene is suberic acid, and the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 1.3-2.0 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 9-15 layers of graphene is sebacic acid.
The method of claim 21, wherein the first period of time is 8-30 hours in (b).
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphite intercalation compound is heated at a temperature above 175 0 C in (c).
The method of claim 21, wherein the second period of time is 5-300 seconds in (c).
The method of claim 21, wherein the first power of the microwave irradiation in (c) is 200-1000 W.
The method of claim 21, wherein the alcohol in (d) comprises hexanol.
The method of claim 21, wherein the third period of time in (e) is 10-100 minutes.
The method of claim 21, wherein the colloidal suspension of the expanded graphite intercalation compound is heated at a temperature above 175 0 C in (e).
The method of claim 21, wherein the second power of the microwave irradiation in (e) is 200-1000 W.
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Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene nanosheets
oxalic acid
C₂H₂O₄
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
average thickness of monolayer graphene nanosheets (1 layer) | ≤ 0.4 nm | graphene nanosheets |
average thickness of bilayer graphene nanosheets (2 layers) | 0.4–0.8 nm |
Patent
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Patent
US 9,764,955Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
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A method for producing graphene nanosheets with a predetermined number of layers of graphene, the predetermined number selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3-5, 6-8, and 9-15, the method comprising: (a) selecting a dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with 1 layer of graphene have an average thickness of less than 0.4 nm, the graphene nanosheets with 2 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 0.4-0.8 nm, the graphene nanosheets with 3-5 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 1-1. 65 nm, the graphene nanosheets with 6-8 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 2-2.7 nm, and the graphene nanosheets with 9-15 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 3-5 nm.
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with the predetermined number of layers of graphene are pristine graphene with an oxidized graphene content of less than 5 % by weight relative to the total weight of the graphene nanosheets.
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with the predetermined number of layers of graphene are pristine graphene with a carbon content of greater than 95 % by weight relative to the total weight of the graphene nanosheets.
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with the predetermined number of 1 or 2 layers of graphene are at least 80 % of the total graphene nanosheets produced.
The method of claim 21, wherein the dicarboxylic acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of a linear unsubstituted dicarboxylic 3 Application No. 15/000,808 Further to the amendment of acid, a linear substituted dicarboxylic acid, an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, an alkylitaconate dicarboxylic acid, and a branched-chain dicarboxylic acid.
The method of claim 21, wherein the dicarboxylic acid is a linear dicarboxylic acid and has the general formula HOOC-(CH 2) -COOH, wherein n is a whole number in the range of 0-2 or 4-8.
The method of claim 21, wherein the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 0.3-0.5 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 1 layer of graphene is oxalic acid, the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 0.55-0.75 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 2 layers of graphene is succinic acid, the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 0.95-1.0 nm for producing graphene nanosheets w ith 3-5 layers of graphene is adipic acid, the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 1. 15-1.25 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 6-8 layers of graphene is suberic acid, and the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 1.3-2.0 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 9-15 layers of graphene is sebacic acid.
The method of claim 21, wherein the first period of time is 8-30 hours in (b).
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphite intercalation compound is heated at a temperature above 175 0 C in (c).
The method of claim 21, wherein the second period of time is 5-300 seconds in (c).
The method of claim 21, wherein the first power of the microwave irradiation in (c) is 200-1000 W.
The method of claim 21, wherein the alcohol in (d) comprises hexanol.
The method of claim 21, wherein the third period of time in (e) is 10-100 minutes.
The method of claim 21, wherein the colloidal suspension of the expanded graphite intercalation compound is heated at a temperature above 175 0 C in (e).
The method of claim 21, wherein the second power of the microwave irradiation in (e) is 200-1000 W.
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Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene nanosheets
oxalic acid
C₂H₂O₄
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
average thickness of monolayer graphene nanosheets (1 layer) | ≤ 0.4 nm | graphene nanosheets |
average thickness of bilayer graphene nanosheets (2 layers) | 0.4–0.8 nm |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,764,955Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
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A method for producing graphene nanosheets with a predetermined number of layers of graphene, the predetermined number selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3-5, 6-8, and 9-15, the method comprising: (a) selecting a dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with 1 layer of graphene have an average thickness of less than 0.4 nm, the graphene nanosheets with 2 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 0.4-0.8 nm, the graphene nanosheets with 3-5 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 1-1. 65 nm, the graphene nanosheets with 6-8 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 2-2.7 nm, and the graphene nanosheets with 9-15 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 3-5 nm.
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with the predetermined number of layers of graphene are pristine graphene with an oxidized graphene content of less than 5 % by weight relative to the total weight of the graphene nanosheets.
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with the predetermined number of layers of graphene are pristine graphene with a carbon content of greater than 95 % by weight relative to the total weight of the graphene nanosheets.
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with the predetermined number of 1 or 2 layers of graphene are at least 80 % of the total graphene nanosheets produced.
The method of claim 21, wherein the dicarboxylic acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of a linear unsubstituted dicarboxylic 3 Application No. 15/000,808 Further to the amendment of acid, a linear substituted dicarboxylic acid, an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, an alkylitaconate dicarboxylic acid, and a branched-chain dicarboxylic acid.
The method of claim 21, wherein the dicarboxylic acid is a linear dicarboxylic acid and has the general formula HOOC-(CH 2) -COOH, wherein n is a whole number in the range of 0-2 or 4-8.
The method of claim 21, wherein the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 0.3-0.5 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 1 layer of graphene is oxalic acid, the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 0.55-0.75 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 2 layers of graphene is succinic acid, the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 0.95-1.0 nm for producing graphene nanosheets w ith 3-5 layers of graphene is adipic acid, the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 1. 15-1.25 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 6-8 layers of graphene is suberic acid, and the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 1.3-2.0 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 9-15 layers of graphene is sebacic acid.
The method of claim 21, wherein the first period of time is 8-30 hours in (b).
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphite intercalation compound is heated at a temperature above 175 0 C in (c).
The method of claim 21, wherein the second period of time is 5-300 seconds in (c).
The method of claim 21, wherein the first power of the microwave irradiation in (c) is 200-1000 W.
The method of claim 21, wherein the alcohol in (d) comprises hexanol.
The method of claim 21, wherein the third period of time in (e) is 10-100 minutes.
The method of claim 21, wherein the colloidal suspension of the expanded graphite intercalation compound is heated at a temperature above 175 0 C in (e).
The method of claim 21, wherein the second power of the microwave irradiation in (e) is 200-1000 W.
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Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene nanosheets
oxalic acid
C₂H₂O₄
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
average thickness of monolayer graphene nanosheets (1 layer) | ≤ 0.4 nm | graphene nanosheets |
average thickness of bilayer graphene nanosheets (2 layers) | 0.4–0.8 nm |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,764,955Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
Claims 1-20. canceled
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A method for producing graphene nanosheets with a predetermined number of layers of graphene, the predetermined number selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3-5, 6-8, and 9-15, the method comprising: (a) selecting a dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with 1 layer of graphene have an average thickness of less than 0.4 nm, the graphene nanosheets with 2 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 0.4-0.8 nm, the graphene nanosheets with 3-5 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 1-1. 65 nm, the graphene nanosheets with 6-8 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 2-2.7 nm, and the graphene nanosheets with 9-15 layers of graphene have an average thickness of 3-5 nm.
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with the predetermined number of layers of graphene are pristine graphene with an oxidized graphene content of less than 5 % by weight relative to the total weight of the graphene nanosheets.
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with the predetermined number of layers of graphene are pristine graphene with a carbon content of greater than 95 % by weight relative to the total weight of the graphene nanosheets.
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphene nanosheets with the predetermined number of 1 or 2 layers of graphene are at least 80 % of the total graphene nanosheets produced.
The method of claim 21, wherein the dicarboxylic acid is at least one selected from the group consisting of a linear unsubstituted dicarboxylic 3 Application No. 15/000,808 Further to the amendment of acid, a linear substituted dicarboxylic acid, an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, an alkylitaconate dicarboxylic acid, and a branched-chain dicarboxylic acid.
The method of claim 21, wherein the dicarboxylic acid is a linear dicarboxylic acid and has the general formula HOOC-(CH 2) -COOH, wherein n is a whole number in the range of 0-2 or 4-8.
The method of claim 21, wherein the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 0.3-0.5 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 1 layer of graphene is oxalic acid, the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 0.55-0.75 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 2 layers of graphene is succinic acid, the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 0.95-1.0 nm for producing graphene nanosheets w ith 3-5 layers of graphene is adipic acid, the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 1. 15-1.25 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 6-8 layers of graphene is suberic acid, and the dicarboxylic acid having a molecular chain length of 1.3-2.0 nm for producing graphene nanosheets with 9-15 layers of graphene is sebacic acid.
The method of claim 21, wherein the first period of time is 8-30 hours in (b).
The method of claim 21, wherein the graphite intercalation compound is heated at a temperature above 175 0 C in (c).
The method of claim 21, wherein the second period of time is 5-300 seconds in (c).
The method of claim 21, wherein the first power of the microwave irradiation in (c) is 200-1000 W.
The method of claim 21, wherein the alcohol in (d) comprises hexanol.
The method of claim 21, wherein the third period of time in (e) is 10-100 minutes.
The method of claim 21, wherein the colloidal suspension of the expanded graphite intercalation compound is heated at a temperature above 175 0 C in (e).
The method of claim 21, wherein the second power of the microwave irradiation in (e) is 200-1000 W.
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Claims 38-40. 5 canceled
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Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene nanosheets
oxalic acid
C₂H₂O₄
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
average thickness of monolayer graphene nanosheets (1 layer) | ≤ 0.4 nm | graphene nanosheets |
average thickness of bilayer graphene nanosheets (2 layers) | 0.4–0.8 nm |
succinic acid
C₄H₆O₄
adipic acid
C₆H₁₀O₄
suberic acid
C₈H₁₄O₄
sebacic acid
C₁₀H₁₈O₄
hexanol
C₆H₁₃OH
graphite
C
average thickness of graphene nanosheets (3-5 layers) | 1–1.65 nm | graphene nanosheets |
average thickness of graphene nanosheets (6-8 layers) | 2–2.7 nm | graphene nanosheets |
average thickness of graphene nanosheets (9-15 layers) | 3–5 nm | graphene nanosheets |
Thickness | 0.38–1.42 nm | — |
Thickness | 1580–1585 cm | — |
Thickness | 2700–2705 cm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–0.35 nm | — |
Thickness | 15–110 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.2–2 nm | — |
Duration | 1–36 hours | — |
Duration | 5–300 seconds | — |
Duration | 5–120 minutes | — |
Thickness | 0.14–0.15 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.14–0.145 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.32–0.345 nm | — |
Duration | 4–32 hours | — |
Duration | 8–30 hours | — |
Duration | 12–28 hours | — |
Duration | 16–27 hours | — |
Duration | 18–26 hours | — |
Duration | 22–25 hours | — |
Temperature | 0–100 °C | — |
Temperature | 10–60 °C | — |
Temperature | 15–50 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.23–1.9 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.26–1.8 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.29–1.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–1.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.33–1.5 nm | — |
Temperature | 20–60 °C | — |
Temperature | 20–50 °C | — |
Temperature | 20–40 °C | — |
— | 200–1000 W | — |
— | 300–975 W | — |
— | 400–950 W | — |
— | 500–925 W | — |
— | 600–900 W | — |
— | 700–875 W | — |
Duration | 10–250 seconds | — |
Duration | 15–200 seconds | — |
Duration | 20–150 seconds | — |
Duration | 30–120 seconds | — |
Duration | 45–90 seconds | — |
Duration | 10–100 minutes | — |
Duration | 15–80 minutes | — |
Duration | 20–60 minutes | — |
Duration | 25–40 minutes | — |
Temperature | 15–30 °C | — |
Temperature | 10–20 °C | — |
Temperature | 5–10 °C | — |
Temperature | 0–5 °C | — |
Duration | 1–60 minutes | — |
Duration | 5–45 minutes | — |
Duration | 10–30 minutes | — |
Temperature | 30–70 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–60 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.1–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.15–8 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.2–6 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.25–5 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–4 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.33–4 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–2500 nm | — |
Thickness | 25–2000 nm | — |
Thickness | 50–1500 nm | — |
Thickness | 75–1250 nm | — |
Thickness | 100–1000 nm | — |
Thickness | 150–750 nm | — |
Thickness | 200–500 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–0.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.35–0.45 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.36–0.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.5–0.8 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.55–0.75 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.6–0.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.65–0.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.5–0.75 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.64–0.69 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.66–0.68 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.8–1.1 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.85–1.05 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.9–1 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.95–1 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.1–1.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.2–1.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.25–1.45 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.3–14 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.325–1.375 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.1–1.3 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.15–1.25 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.18–1.22 nm | — |
Thickness | 2.1–2.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 2.2–2.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 2.3–2.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.3–2 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.32–1.9 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.34–1.8 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.36–1.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.38–1.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.4–1.45 nm | — |
Thickness | 3.5–4.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 3.25–4.25 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.375 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.35 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.34 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.3375 nm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 5 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 10 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 15 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 20 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 25 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 50 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1 °C | — |
Thickness | 3-0.5 nm | — |
succinic acid
C₄H₆O₄
adipic acid
C₆H₁₀O₄
suberic acid
C₈H₁₄O₄
sebacic acid
C₁₀H₁₈O₄
hexanol
C₆H₁₃OH
graphite
C
average thickness of graphene nanosheets (3-5 layers) | 1–1.65 nm | graphene nanosheets |
average thickness of graphene nanosheets (6-8 layers) | 2–2.7 nm | graphene nanosheets |
average thickness of graphene nanosheets (9-15 layers) | 3–5 nm | graphene nanosheets |
Thickness | 0.38–1.42 nm | — |
Thickness | 1580–1585 cm | — |
Thickness | 2700–2705 cm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–0.35 nm | — |
Thickness | 15–110 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.2–2 nm | — |
Duration | 1–36 hours | — |
Duration | 5–300 seconds | — |
Duration | 5–120 minutes | — |
Thickness | 0.14–0.15 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.14–0.145 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.32–0.345 nm | — |
Duration | 4–32 hours | — |
Duration | 8–30 hours | — |
Duration | 12–28 hours | — |
Duration | 16–27 hours | — |
Duration | 18–26 hours | — |
Duration | 22–25 hours | — |
Temperature | 0–100 °C | — |
Temperature | 10–60 °C | — |
Temperature | 15–50 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.23–1.9 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.26–1.8 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.29–1.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–1.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.33–1.5 nm | — |
Temperature | 20–60 °C | — |
Temperature | 20–50 °C | — |
Temperature | 20–40 °C | — |
— | 200–1000 W | — |
— | 300–975 W | — |
— | 400–950 W | — |
— | 500–925 W | — |
— | 600–900 W | — |
— | 700–875 W | — |
Duration | 10–250 seconds | — |
Duration | 15–200 seconds | — |
Duration | 20–150 seconds | — |
Duration | 30–120 seconds | — |
Duration | 45–90 seconds | — |
Duration | 10–100 minutes | — |
Duration | 15–80 minutes | — |
Duration | 20–60 minutes | — |
Duration | 25–40 minutes | — |
Temperature | 15–30 °C | — |
Temperature | 10–20 °C | — |
Temperature | 5–10 °C | — |
Temperature | 0–5 °C | — |
Duration | 1–60 minutes | — |
Duration | 5–45 minutes | — |
Duration | 10–30 minutes | — |
Temperature | 30–70 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–60 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.1–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.15–8 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.2–6 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.25–5 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–4 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.33–4 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–2500 nm | — |
Thickness | 25–2000 nm | — |
Thickness | 50–1500 nm | — |
Thickness | 75–1250 nm | — |
Thickness | 100–1000 nm | — |
Thickness | 150–750 nm | — |
Thickness | 200–500 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–0.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.35–0.45 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.36–0.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.5–0.8 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.55–0.75 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.6–0.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.65–0.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.5–0.75 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.64–0.69 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.66–0.68 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.8–1.1 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.85–1.05 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.9–1 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.95–1 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.1–1.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.2–1.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.25–1.45 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.3–14 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.325–1.375 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.1–1.3 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.15–1.25 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.18–1.22 nm | — |
Thickness | 2.1–2.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 2.2–2.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 2.3–2.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.3–2 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.32–1.9 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.34–1.8 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.36–1.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.38–1.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.4–1.45 nm | — |
Thickness | 3.5–4.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 3.25–4.25 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.375 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.35 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.34 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.3375 nm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 5 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 10 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 15 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 20 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 25 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 50 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1 °C | — |
Thickness | 3-0.5 nm | — |
succinic acid
C₄H₆O₄
adipic acid
C₆H₁₀O₄
suberic acid
C₈H₁₄O₄
sebacic acid
C₁₀H₁₈O₄
hexanol
C₆H₁₃OH
graphite
C
average thickness of graphene nanosheets (3-5 layers) | 1–1.65 nm | graphene nanosheets |
average thickness of graphene nanosheets (6-8 layers) | 2–2.7 nm | graphene nanosheets |
average thickness of graphene nanosheets (9-15 layers) | 3–5 nm | graphene nanosheets |
Thickness | 0.38–1.42 nm | — |
Thickness | 1580–1585 cm | — |
Thickness | 2700–2705 cm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–0.35 nm | — |
Thickness | 15–110 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.2–2 nm | — |
Duration | 1–36 hours | — |
Duration | 5–300 seconds | — |
Duration | 5–120 minutes | — |
Thickness | 0.14–0.15 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.14–0.145 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.32–0.345 nm | — |
Duration | 4–32 hours | — |
Duration | 8–30 hours | — |
Duration | 12–28 hours | — |
Duration | 16–27 hours | — |
Duration | 18–26 hours | — |
Duration | 22–25 hours | — |
Temperature | 0–100 °C | — |
Temperature | 10–60 °C | — |
Temperature | 15–50 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.23–1.9 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.26–1.8 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.29–1.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–1.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.33–1.5 nm | — |
Temperature | 20–60 °C | — |
Temperature | 20–50 °C | — |
Temperature | 20–40 °C | — |
— | 200–1000 W | — |
— | 300–975 W | — |
— | 400–950 W | — |
— | 500–925 W | — |
— | 600–900 W | — |
— | 700–875 W | — |
Duration | 10–250 seconds | — |
Duration | 15–200 seconds | — |
Duration | 20–150 seconds | — |
Duration | 30–120 seconds | — |
Duration | 45–90 seconds | — |
Duration | 10–100 minutes | — |
Duration | 15–80 minutes | — |
Duration | 20–60 minutes | — |
Duration | 25–40 minutes | — |
Temperature | 15–30 °C | — |
Temperature | 10–20 °C | — |
Temperature | 5–10 °C | — |
Temperature | 0–5 °C | — |
Duration | 1–60 minutes | — |
Duration | 5–45 minutes | — |
Duration | 10–30 minutes | — |
Temperature | 30–70 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–60 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.1–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.15–8 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.2–6 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.25–5 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–4 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.33–4 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–2500 nm | — |
Thickness | 25–2000 nm | — |
Thickness | 50–1500 nm | — |
Thickness | 75–1250 nm | — |
Thickness | 100–1000 nm | — |
Thickness | 150–750 nm | — |
Thickness | 200–500 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–0.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.35–0.45 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.36–0.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.5–0.8 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.55–0.75 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.6–0.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.65–0.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.5–0.75 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.64–0.69 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.66–0.68 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.8–1.1 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.85–1.05 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.9–1 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.95–1 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.1–1.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.2–1.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.25–1.45 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.3–14 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.325–1.375 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.1–1.3 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.15–1.25 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.18–1.22 nm | — |
Thickness | 2.1–2.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 2.2–2.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 2.3–2.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.3–2 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.32–1.9 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.34–1.8 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.36–1.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.38–1.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.4–1.45 nm | — |
Thickness | 3.5–4.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 3.25–4.25 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.375 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.35 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.34 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.3375 nm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 5 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 10 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 15 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 20 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 25 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 50 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1 °C | — |
Thickness | 3-0.5 nm | — |
succinic acid
C₄H₆O₄
adipic acid
C₆H₁₀O₄
suberic acid
C₈H₁₄O₄
sebacic acid
C₁₀H₁₈O₄
hexanol
C₆H₁₃OH
graphite
C
average thickness of graphene nanosheets (3-5 layers) | 1–1.65 nm | graphene nanosheets |
average thickness of graphene nanosheets (6-8 layers) | 2–2.7 nm | graphene nanosheets |
average thickness of graphene nanosheets (9-15 layers) | 3–5 nm | graphene nanosheets |
Thickness | 0.38–1.42 nm | — |
Thickness | 1580–1585 cm | — |
Thickness | 2700–2705 cm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–0.35 nm | — |
Thickness | 15–110 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.2–2 nm | — |
Duration | 1–36 hours | — |
Duration | 5–300 seconds | — |
Duration | 5–120 minutes | — |
Thickness | 0.14–0.15 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.14–0.145 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.32–0.345 nm | — |
Duration | 4–32 hours | — |
Duration | 8–30 hours | — |
Duration | 12–28 hours | — |
Duration | 16–27 hours | — |
Duration | 18–26 hours | — |
Duration | 22–25 hours | — |
Temperature | 0–100 °C | — |
Temperature | 10–60 °C | — |
Temperature | 15–50 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.23–1.9 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.26–1.8 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.29–1.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–1.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.33–1.5 nm | — |
Temperature | 20–60 °C | — |
Temperature | 20–50 °C | — |
Temperature | 20–40 °C | — |
— | 200–1000 W | — |
— | 300–975 W | — |
— | 400–950 W | — |
— | 500–925 W | — |
— | 600–900 W | — |
— | 700–875 W | — |
Duration | 10–250 seconds | — |
Duration | 15–200 seconds | — |
Duration | 20–150 seconds | — |
Duration | 30–120 seconds | — |
Duration | 45–90 seconds | — |
Duration | 10–100 minutes | — |
Duration | 15–80 minutes | — |
Duration | 20–60 minutes | — |
Duration | 25–40 minutes | — |
Temperature | 15–30 °C | — |
Temperature | 10–20 °C | — |
Temperature | 5–10 °C | — |
Temperature | 0–5 °C | — |
Duration | 1–60 minutes | — |
Duration | 5–45 minutes | — |
Duration | 10–30 minutes | — |
Temperature | 30–70 °C | — |
Temperature | 40–60 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.1–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.15–8 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.2–6 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.25–5 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–4 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.33–4 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–2500 nm | — |
Thickness | 25–2000 nm | — |
Thickness | 50–1500 nm | — |
Thickness | 75–1250 nm | — |
Thickness | 100–1000 nm | — |
Thickness | 150–750 nm | — |
Thickness | 200–500 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–0.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.35–0.45 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.36–0.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.5–0.8 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.55–0.75 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.6–0.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.65–0.7 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.5–0.75 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.64–0.69 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.66–0.68 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.8–1.1 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.85–1.05 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.9–1 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.95–1 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.1–1.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.2–1.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.25–1.45 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.3–14 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.325–1.375 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.1–1.3 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.15–1.25 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.18–1.22 nm | — |
Thickness | 2.1–2.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 2.2–2.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 2.3–2.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.3–2 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.32–1.9 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.34–1.8 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.36–1.6 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.38–1.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 1.4–1.45 nm | — |
Thickness | 3.5–4.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 3.25–4.25 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 10 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.375 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.35 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.34 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.3375 nm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 5 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 10 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 15 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 20 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 25 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 50 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1 °C | — |
Thickness | 3-0.5 nm | — |