Patent
US 10,774,450A Method to Manufacture Carbon Fibers through Graphene Composites and the Use Thereof
Tingying Zeng
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,774,450Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 3, the method of the present invention generally comprises the steps of mixing graphene oxide S 10 with other components, forming the fibers via air-spray …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
1) A method of forming carbon fibers comprising the steps of: mixing a quantity of graphene oxide in a solvent having a surfactant to disperse the quantity of graphene oxide; adding a polymer to the solvent and graphene oxide to form a first mixture; sti rr ing the mixture to reach an approximately uniform viscosity; adding a quantity of nano-cellulose fibers to the first mixture to form a second mixture, the quantity of nano-cellulose fibers acting as a templating material; for min g fibers from the second mixture of graphene oxide, solvent. polymer. and nano-cellulose fibers; heating the formed fibers in air to a temperature between approximately 200-500 Celsius; pyrolyzing the quantity of nano-cellulose by heating the formed fibers in an inert gas environment to approximately 600-900 Celsius; and annealing the pyrolyzed fibers in a hydrogen and methane environment.
5) The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating the formed fibers in air comprises heating the formed fibers to approximately 300 Celsius.
6) The method of claim 1, wherein the annealing step heats the pyrolyzed fibers to approximately 1500-2000 Celsius.
9) The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, ZrO2, Fe₃ 0 4, Fe₂ O 3, C o20 3, MgO, Mn O 2, ZnO, TiO 2, A 120 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o20 3, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 O 7), IrO 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture.
10) The method of claim 1 wherein the polymer is at least one of polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, components found in asphalt, epoxy, polycarbonate, celluloses, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, nylon, polydimethylsiloxane, and polyacrylamide.
11) The method of claim 1 wherein the solvent is at least one of water, an alcohol, acetone, a ketone, dimethyl formamide, ethylene glycol, and Dimethyl sulfoxide.
12) The method of claim 1 further comprising forming the formed fibers into a functional shape comprising a plurality of the formed fibers.
17) The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, Zr O 2, Fe304, Fe₂ 0 3, C o 203, Mg O, Mn 0 2, Zn O, Ti O 2, A₁ 2 0 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o 203, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 0 7), IrO 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture.
19) The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, Zr O 2, Fe304, Fe₂ 0 3, C o 203, Mg O, Mn 0 2, Zn O, Ti O 2, A₁ 2 0 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o 203, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 0 7), IrO 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture.
2) The method of claim I wherein the step of fo irn ing fibers comprises one of wet-drawing plus hot air heating, drying spinning, melt-spinning or solution spinning, and electrical spinning.
3).
4) The method of claim I wherein the pyrolyzing step heats the formed fibers in an inert gas environment to approximately 650 Celsius.
20) The method of claim 4 further comprising the steps of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, Zr O 2, Fe304, Fe₂ 0 3, C o 203, Mg O, Mn 0 2, Zn O, TiO 2, A 1 2 0 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o 203, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 0 7), Ir O 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture; annealing the formed fibers in the hydrogen and methane gas environment to approximately 1200 Celsius for two hours in a first annealing step; and annealing the formed fibers in the hydrogen and methane gas environment to approximately 2000 Celsius for two hours in a second annealing step.
7).
8).
15).
16).
18).
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene oxide
nano-cellulose fibers
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
durability. This can avoid the corrosion problems for pipes in petroleum plants and fields. In a preferred embodiment this method allows for similar variations in the chemical process that is expandable to water pipes and chemical plant pipes for strong acid or
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Duration | 150–250 minutes | — |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,774,450Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 3, the method of the present invention generally comprises the steps of mixing graphene oxide S 10 with other components, forming the fibers via air-spray …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
1) A method of forming carbon fibers comprising the steps of: mixing a quantity of graphene oxide in a solvent having a surfactant to disperse the quantity of graphene oxide; adding a polymer to the solvent and graphene oxide to form a first mixture; sti rr ing the mixture to reach an approximately uniform viscosity; adding a quantity of nano-cellulose fibers to the first mixture to form a second mixture, the quantity of nano-cellulose fibers acting as a templating material; for min g fibers from the second mixture of graphene oxide, solvent. polymer. and nano-cellulose fibers; heating the formed fibers in air to a temperature between approximately 200-500 Celsius; pyrolyzing the quantity of nano-cellulose by heating the formed fibers in an inert gas environment to approximately 600-900 Celsius; and annealing the pyrolyzed fibers in a hydrogen and methane environment.
5) The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating the formed fibers in air comprises heating the formed fibers to approximately 300 Celsius.
6) The method of claim 1, wherein the annealing step heats the pyrolyzed fibers to approximately 1500-2000 Celsius.
9) The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, ZrO2, Fe₃ 0 4, Fe₂ O 3, C o20 3, MgO, Mn O 2, ZnO, TiO 2, A 120 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o20 3, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 O 7), IrO 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture.
10) The method of claim 1 wherein the polymer is at least one of polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, components found in asphalt, epoxy, polycarbonate, celluloses, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, nylon, polydimethylsiloxane, and polyacrylamide.
11) The method of claim 1 wherein the solvent is at least one of water, an alcohol, acetone, a ketone, dimethyl formamide, ethylene glycol, and Dimethyl sulfoxide.
12) The method of claim 1 further comprising forming the formed fibers into a functional shape comprising a plurality of the formed fibers.
17) The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, Zr O 2, Fe304, Fe₂ 0 3, C o 203, Mg O, Mn 0 2, Zn O, Ti O 2, A₁ 2 0 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o 203, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 0 7), IrO 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture.
19) The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, Zr O 2, Fe304, Fe₂ 0 3, C o 203, Mg O, Mn 0 2, Zn O, Ti O 2, A₁ 2 0 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o 203, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 0 7), IrO 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture.
2) The method of claim I wherein the step of fo irn ing fibers comprises one of wet-drawing plus hot air heating, drying spinning, melt-spinning or solution spinning, and electrical spinning.
3).
4) The method of claim I wherein the pyrolyzing step heats the formed fibers in an inert gas environment to approximately 650 Celsius.
20) The method of claim 4 further comprising the steps of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, Zr O 2, Fe304, Fe₂ 0 3, C o 203, Mg O, Mn 0 2, Zn O, TiO 2, A 1 2 0 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o 203, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 0 7), Ir O 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture; annealing the formed fibers in the hydrogen and methane gas environment to approximately 1200 Celsius for two hours in a first annealing step; and annealing the formed fibers in the hydrogen and methane gas environment to approximately 2000 Celsius for two hours in a second annealing step.
7).
8).
15).
16).
18).
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene oxide
nano-cellulose fibers
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
durability. This can avoid the corrosion problems for pipes in petroleum plants and fields. In a preferred embodiment this method allows for similar variations in the chemical process that is expandable to water pipes and chemical plant pipes for strong acid or
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Duration | 150–250 minutes | — |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,774,450Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 3, the method of the present invention generally comprises the steps of mixing graphene oxide S 10 with other components, forming the fibers via air-spray …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
1) A method of forming carbon fibers comprising the steps of: mixing a quantity of graphene oxide in a solvent having a surfactant to disperse the quantity of graphene oxide; adding a polymer to the solvent and graphene oxide to form a first mixture; sti rr ing the mixture to reach an approximately uniform viscosity; adding a quantity of nano-cellulose fibers to the first mixture to form a second mixture, the quantity of nano-cellulose fibers acting as a templating material; for min g fibers from the second mixture of graphene oxide, solvent. polymer. and nano-cellulose fibers; heating the formed fibers in air to a temperature between approximately 200-500 Celsius; pyrolyzing the quantity of nano-cellulose by heating the formed fibers in an inert gas environment to approximately 600-900 Celsius; and annealing the pyrolyzed fibers in a hydrogen and methane environment.
5) The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating the formed fibers in air comprises heating the formed fibers to approximately 300 Celsius.
6) The method of claim 1, wherein the annealing step heats the pyrolyzed fibers to approximately 1500-2000 Celsius.
9) The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, ZrO2, Fe₃ 0 4, Fe₂ O 3, C o20 3, MgO, Mn O 2, ZnO, TiO 2, A 120 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o20 3, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 O 7), IrO 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture.
10) The method of claim 1 wherein the polymer is at least one of polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, components found in asphalt, epoxy, polycarbonate, celluloses, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, nylon, polydimethylsiloxane, and polyacrylamide.
11) The method of claim 1 wherein the solvent is at least one of water, an alcohol, acetone, a ketone, dimethyl formamide, ethylene glycol, and Dimethyl sulfoxide.
12) The method of claim 1 further comprising forming the formed fibers into a functional shape comprising a plurality of the formed fibers.
17) The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, Zr O 2, Fe304, Fe₂ 0 3, C o 203, Mg O, Mn 0 2, Zn O, Ti O 2, A₁ 2 0 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o 203, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 0 7), IrO 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture.
19) The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, Zr O 2, Fe304, Fe₂ 0 3, C o 203, Mg O, Mn 0 2, Zn O, Ti O 2, A₁ 2 0 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o 203, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 0 7), IrO 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture.
2) The method of claim I wherein the step of fo irn ing fibers comprises one of wet-drawing plus hot air heating, drying spinning, melt-spinning or solution spinning, and electrical spinning.
3).
4) The method of claim I wherein the pyrolyzing step heats the formed fibers in an inert gas environment to approximately 650 Celsius.
20) The method of claim 4 further comprising the steps of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, Zr O 2, Fe304, Fe₂ 0 3, C o 203, Mg O, Mn 0 2, Zn O, TiO 2, A 1 2 0 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o 203, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 0 7), Ir O 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture; annealing the formed fibers in the hydrogen and methane gas environment to approximately 1200 Celsius for two hours in a first annealing step; and annealing the formed fibers in the hydrogen and methane gas environment to approximately 2000 Celsius for two hours in a second annealing step.
7).
8).
15).
16).
18).
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene oxide
nano-cellulose fibers
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
durability. This can avoid the corrosion problems for pipes in petroleum plants and fields. In a preferred embodiment this method allows for similar variations in the chemical process that is expandable to water pipes and chemical plant pipes for strong acid or
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Duration | 150–250 minutes | — |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,774,450Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 3, the method of the present invention generally comprises the steps of mixing graphene oxide S 10 with other components, forming the fibers via air-spray …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
1) A method of forming carbon fibers comprising the steps of: mixing a quantity of graphene oxide in a solvent having a surfactant to disperse the quantity of graphene oxide; adding a polymer to the solvent and graphene oxide to form a first mixture; sti rr ing the mixture to reach an approximately uniform viscosity; adding a quantity of nano-cellulose fibers to the first mixture to form a second mixture, the quantity of nano-cellulose fibers acting as a templating material; for min g fibers from the second mixture of graphene oxide, solvent. polymer. and nano-cellulose fibers; heating the formed fibers in air to a temperature between approximately 200-500 Celsius; pyrolyzing the quantity of nano-cellulose by heating the formed fibers in an inert gas environment to approximately 600-900 Celsius; and annealing the pyrolyzed fibers in a hydrogen and methane environment.
5) The method of claim 1 wherein the step of heating the formed fibers in air comprises heating the formed fibers to approximately 300 Celsius.
6) The method of claim 1, wherein the annealing step heats the pyrolyzed fibers to approximately 1500-2000 Celsius.
9) The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, ZrO2, Fe₃ 0 4, Fe₂ O 3, C o20 3, MgO, Mn O 2, ZnO, TiO 2, A 120 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o20 3, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 O 7), IrO 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture.
10) The method of claim 1 wherein the polymer is at least one of polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, components found in asphalt, epoxy, polycarbonate, celluloses, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, nylon, polydimethylsiloxane, and polyacrylamide.
11) The method of claim 1 wherein the solvent is at least one of water, an alcohol, acetone, a ketone, dimethyl formamide, ethylene glycol, and Dimethyl sulfoxide.
12) The method of claim 1 further comprising forming the formed fibers into a functional shape comprising a plurality of the formed fibers.
17) The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, Zr O 2, Fe304, Fe₂ 0 3, C o 203, Mg O, Mn 0 2, Zn O, Ti O 2, A₁ 2 0 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o 203, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 0 7), IrO 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture.
19) The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, Zr O 2, Fe304, Fe₂ 0 3, C o 203, Mg O, Mn 0 2, Zn O, Ti O 2, A₁ 2 0 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o 203, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 0 7), IrO 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture.
2) The method of claim I wherein the step of fo irn ing fibers comprises one of wet-drawing plus hot air heating, drying spinning, melt-spinning or solution spinning, and electrical spinning.
3).
4) The method of claim I wherein the pyrolyzing step heats the formed fibers in an inert gas environment to approximately 650 Celsius.
20) The method of claim 4 further comprising the steps of adding at least one of Cu O, Ni O, Zr O 2, Fe304, Fe₂ 0 3, C o 203, Mg O, Mn 0 2, Zn O, TiO 2, A 1 2 0 3, SiO 2, AgO, Sn₀ 2, M o 203, W 0 3, Cr₂ 0 3, trace lanthanum hafnate (La 2 Hf 2 0 7), Ir O 2, metal nanoparticles or nanowires, such as Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, and Si nanowires to the mixture; annealing the formed fibers in the hydrogen and methane gas environment to approximately 1200 Celsius for two hours in a first annealing step; and annealing the formed fibers in the hydrogen and methane gas environment to approximately 2000 Celsius for two hours in a second annealing step.
7).
8).
15).
16).
18).
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene oxide
nano-cellulose fibers
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
durability. This can avoid the corrosion problems for pipes in petroleum plants and fields. In a preferred embodiment this method allows for similar variations in the chemical process that is expandable to water pipes and chemical plant pipes for strong acid or
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Duration | 150–250 minutes | — |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
polymer (polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, asphalt components, epoxy, polycarbonate, celluloses, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, nylon, polydimethylsiloxane, polyacrylamide)
metal oxide nanoparticles/nanowires and metal nanoparticles/nanowires additives (CuO, NiO, ZrO2, Fe₃O4, Fe₂O3, Co₂O3, MgO, MnO2, ZnO, TiO2, Al₂O3, SiO2, AgO, SnO2, Mo₂O3, WO3, Cr₂O3, La₂Hf₂O7, IrO2; Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, Si nanowires)
solvent (water, alcohol, acetone, ketone, dimethyl formamide, ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide)
carbon fibers
polymer (polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, asphalt components, epoxy, polycarbonate, celluloses, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, nylon, polydimethylsiloxane, polyacrylamide)
metal oxide nanoparticles/nanowires and metal nanoparticles/nanowires additives (CuO, NiO, ZrO2, Fe₃O4, Fe₂O3, Co₂O3, MgO, MnO2, ZnO, TiO2, Al₂O3, SiO2, AgO, SnO2, Mo₂O3, WO3, Cr₂O3, La₂Hf₂O7, IrO2; Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, Si nanowires)
solvent (water, alcohol, acetone, ketone, dimethyl formamide, ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide)
carbon fibers
polymer (polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, asphalt components, epoxy, polycarbonate, celluloses, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, nylon, polydimethylsiloxane, polyacrylamide)
metal oxide nanoparticles/nanowires and metal nanoparticles/nanowires additives (CuO, NiO, ZrO2, Fe₃O4, Fe₂O3, Co₂O3, MgO, MnO2, ZnO, TiO2, Al₂O3, SiO2, AgO, SnO2, Mo₂O3, WO3, Cr₂O3, La₂Hf₂O7, IrO2; Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, Si nanowires)
solvent (water, alcohol, acetone, ketone, dimethyl formamide, ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide)
carbon fibers
polymer (polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, asphalt components, epoxy, polycarbonate, celluloses, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, nylon, polydimethylsiloxane, polyacrylamide)
metal oxide nanoparticles/nanowires and metal nanoparticles/nanowires additives (CuO, NiO, ZrO2, Fe₃O4, Fe₂O3, Co₂O3, MgO, MnO2, ZnO, TiO2, Al₂O3, SiO2, AgO, SnO2, Mo₂O3, WO3, Cr₂O3, La₂Hf₂O7, IrO2; Al, Mg, Ag, Au, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Fe, Sn, Ti, Cr, W, Mo, Pt, Si nanowires)
solvent (water, alcohol, acetone, ketone, dimethyl formamide, ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide)
carbon fibers