Patent
US 11,603,316CHEMICAL-FREE PRODUCTION OF HOLLOW GRAPHENE BALLS
Aruna Zhamu
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 11,603,316Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 A flow chart showing the most commonly used prior art process of producing highly oxidized NGPs that entails tedious chemical oxidation/intercalation, …
FIG. 2(B) Schematic of the heat-induced conversion of polymer into carbon, which bonds graphene sheets together to form separated, individual graphene balls.
FIG. 3 Thermal conductivity values vs. specific gravity of a carbon-bonded graphene ball compact (a foam-like structure) produced by the presently invented …
FIG. 4 Thermal conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam.
FIG. 5 Thermal conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and pristine graphene foam (prepared by casting with a blowing agent and then heat …
FIG. 6 Electrical conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam.
FIG. 7 The amount of oil absorbed per gram of graphene ball compacts, plotted as a function of the oxygen content in the foam having a porosity level of …
FIG. 8 The amount of oil absorbed per gram of integral carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts, plotted as a function of the porosity level (given the same oxygen …
FIG. 9 The amount of chloroform absorbed out of a chloroform-water mixture, plotted as a function of the degree of fluorination. SVG …
FIG. 10 Schematic of heat sink structures (2 examples).
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of producing multiple individual hollow graphene balls directly from a graphitic material, said method consisting of: (a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material and multiple particles of a solid polymer carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; (b) operating said energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from said graphitic material and transferring said graphene sheets to surfaces of said solid polymer carrier material particles to produce graphene-encapsulated polymer particles inside said impacting chamber; (c) recovering said graphene-encapsulated polymer particles from said impacting chamber; and (d) suspending said graphene-encapsulated polymer particles in a gaseous medium to keep said particles separated from each other while concurrently pyrolyzing said particles to thermally convert said polymer into pores and carbon, wherein at least one of the graphene balls comprises a hollow core enclosed by a shell composed of graphene sheets bonded together by said carbon. Previously presented
The method of claim 1, wherein a plurality of impacting balls or media are added to the impacting chamber of said energy impacting apparatus. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer material particles include plastic or rubber beads, pellets, spheres, wires, fibers, filaments, discs, ribbons, or rods, having a diameter or thickness from 10 nm to 10 mm. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer is selected from solid particles of a thermoplastic, thermoset resin, rubber, semi-penetrating network polymer, penetrating network polymer, natural polymer, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer is partially removed by melting, etching, or dissolving in a solvent prior to step (d). Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphitic material is selected from natural graphite, synthetic graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, graphite fiber, graphitic nanofiber, graphite fluoride, oxidized graphite, chemically modified graphite, exfoliated graphite, recompressed exfoliated graphite, expanded graphite, mesocarbon microbead, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein the energy impacting apparatus is a vibratory ball mill, planetary ball mill, high energy mill, basket mill, agitator ball mill, cryo ball mill, micro ball mill, tumbler ball mill, continuous ball mill, stirred ball mill, pressurized ball mill, freezer mill, vibratory sieve, bead mill, nano bead mill, ultrasonic homogenizer mill, centrifugal planetary mixer, vacuum ball mill, or resonant acoustic mixer. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said graphitic material contains a non- intercalated and nonoxidized graphitic material that has never been previously exposed to a chemical or oxidation treatment prior to said mixing step. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer contains a high carbon-yield polymer selected from phenolic resin, poly furfuryl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamide, polyoxadiazole, polybenzoxazole, polybenzobisoxazole, polythiazole, polybenzothiazole, polybenzobisthiazole, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polybenzimidazole, polybenzobisimidazole, a copolymer thereof, a polymer blend thereof, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer contains a low carbon-yield polymer selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile-butadiene (ABS), polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, poly vinylidiene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), a copolymer thereof, a polymer blend thereof, or a combination thereof. Original
(Ori g ina l) The method of claim 1, wherein said step of pyrolyzing includes carbonizing said polymer at a temperature from 200 ° C to 2, 500 ° C to obtain graphene balls wherein said graphene shell comprises carbon-bonded graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (d) of suspending said graphene- encapsulated polymer particles in a gaseous medium comprises operating a fluidized-bed apparatus. Original
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
hollow graphene ball
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphitic material
solid polymer carrier material
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 6 Electrical conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Temperature | 1500–2500 °C | — |
Temperature |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 11,603,316Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 A flow chart showing the most commonly used prior art process of producing highly oxidized NGPs that entails tedious chemical oxidation/intercalation, …
FIG. 2(B) Schematic of the heat-induced conversion of polymer into carbon, which bonds graphene sheets together to form separated, individual graphene balls.
FIG. 3 Thermal conductivity values vs. specific gravity of a carbon-bonded graphene ball compact (a foam-like structure) produced by the presently invented …
FIG. 4 Thermal conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam.
FIG. 5 Thermal conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and pristine graphene foam (prepared by casting with a blowing agent and then heat …
FIG. 6 Electrical conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam.
FIG. 7 The amount of oil absorbed per gram of graphene ball compacts, plotted as a function of the oxygen content in the foam having a porosity level of …
FIG. 8 The amount of oil absorbed per gram of integral carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts, plotted as a function of the porosity level (given the same oxygen …
FIG. 9 The amount of chloroform absorbed out of a chloroform-water mixture, plotted as a function of the degree of fluorination. SVG …
FIG. 10 Schematic of heat sink structures (2 examples).
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of producing multiple individual hollow graphene balls directly from a graphitic material, said method consisting of: (a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material and multiple particles of a solid polymer carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; (b) operating said energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from said graphitic material and transferring said graphene sheets to surfaces of said solid polymer carrier material particles to produce graphene-encapsulated polymer particles inside said impacting chamber; (c) recovering said graphene-encapsulated polymer particles from said impacting chamber; and (d) suspending said graphene-encapsulated polymer particles in a gaseous medium to keep said particles separated from each other while concurrently pyrolyzing said particles to thermally convert said polymer into pores and carbon, wherein at least one of the graphene balls comprises a hollow core enclosed by a shell composed of graphene sheets bonded together by said carbon. Previously presented
The method of claim 1, wherein a plurality of impacting balls or media are added to the impacting chamber of said energy impacting apparatus. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer material particles include plastic or rubber beads, pellets, spheres, wires, fibers, filaments, discs, ribbons, or rods, having a diameter or thickness from 10 nm to 10 mm. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer is selected from solid particles of a thermoplastic, thermoset resin, rubber, semi-penetrating network polymer, penetrating network polymer, natural polymer, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer is partially removed by melting, etching, or dissolving in a solvent prior to step (d). Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphitic material is selected from natural graphite, synthetic graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, graphite fiber, graphitic nanofiber, graphite fluoride, oxidized graphite, chemically modified graphite, exfoliated graphite, recompressed exfoliated graphite, expanded graphite, mesocarbon microbead, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein the energy impacting apparatus is a vibratory ball mill, planetary ball mill, high energy mill, basket mill, agitator ball mill, cryo ball mill, micro ball mill, tumbler ball mill, continuous ball mill, stirred ball mill, pressurized ball mill, freezer mill, vibratory sieve, bead mill, nano bead mill, ultrasonic homogenizer mill, centrifugal planetary mixer, vacuum ball mill, or resonant acoustic mixer. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said graphitic material contains a non- intercalated and nonoxidized graphitic material that has never been previously exposed to a chemical or oxidation treatment prior to said mixing step. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer contains a high carbon-yield polymer selected from phenolic resin, poly furfuryl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamide, polyoxadiazole, polybenzoxazole, polybenzobisoxazole, polythiazole, polybenzothiazole, polybenzobisthiazole, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polybenzimidazole, polybenzobisimidazole, a copolymer thereof, a polymer blend thereof, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer contains a low carbon-yield polymer selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile-butadiene (ABS), polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, poly vinylidiene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), a copolymer thereof, a polymer blend thereof, or a combination thereof. Original
(Ori g ina l) The method of claim 1, wherein said step of pyrolyzing includes carbonizing said polymer at a temperature from 200 ° C to 2, 500 ° C to obtain graphene balls wherein said graphene shell comprises carbon-bonded graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (d) of suspending said graphene- encapsulated polymer particles in a gaseous medium comprises operating a fluidized-bed apparatus. Original
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
hollow graphene ball
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphitic material
solid polymer carrier material
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 6 Electrical conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Temperature | 1500–2500 °C | — |
Temperature |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 11,603,316Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 A flow chart showing the most commonly used prior art process of producing highly oxidized NGPs that entails tedious chemical oxidation/intercalation, …
FIG. 2(B) Schematic of the heat-induced conversion of polymer into carbon, which bonds graphene sheets together to form separated, individual graphene balls.
FIG. 3 Thermal conductivity values vs. specific gravity of a carbon-bonded graphene ball compact (a foam-like structure) produced by the presently invented …
FIG. 4 Thermal conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam.
FIG. 5 Thermal conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and pristine graphene foam (prepared by casting with a blowing agent and then heat …
FIG. 6 Electrical conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam.
FIG. 7 The amount of oil absorbed per gram of graphene ball compacts, plotted as a function of the oxygen content in the foam having a porosity level of …
FIG. 8 The amount of oil absorbed per gram of integral carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts, plotted as a function of the porosity level (given the same oxygen …
FIG. 9 The amount of chloroform absorbed out of a chloroform-water mixture, plotted as a function of the degree of fluorination. SVG …
FIG. 10 Schematic of heat sink structures (2 examples).
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of producing multiple individual hollow graphene balls directly from a graphitic material, said method consisting of: (a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material and multiple particles of a solid polymer carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; (b) operating said energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from said graphitic material and transferring said graphene sheets to surfaces of said solid polymer carrier material particles to produce graphene-encapsulated polymer particles inside said impacting chamber; (c) recovering said graphene-encapsulated polymer particles from said impacting chamber; and (d) suspending said graphene-encapsulated polymer particles in a gaseous medium to keep said particles separated from each other while concurrently pyrolyzing said particles to thermally convert said polymer into pores and carbon, wherein at least one of the graphene balls comprises a hollow core enclosed by a shell composed of graphene sheets bonded together by said carbon. Previously presented
The method of claim 1, wherein a plurality of impacting balls or media are added to the impacting chamber of said energy impacting apparatus. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer material particles include plastic or rubber beads, pellets, spheres, wires, fibers, filaments, discs, ribbons, or rods, having a diameter or thickness from 10 nm to 10 mm. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer is selected from solid particles of a thermoplastic, thermoset resin, rubber, semi-penetrating network polymer, penetrating network polymer, natural polymer, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer is partially removed by melting, etching, or dissolving in a solvent prior to step (d). Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphitic material is selected from natural graphite, synthetic graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, graphite fiber, graphitic nanofiber, graphite fluoride, oxidized graphite, chemically modified graphite, exfoliated graphite, recompressed exfoliated graphite, expanded graphite, mesocarbon microbead, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein the energy impacting apparatus is a vibratory ball mill, planetary ball mill, high energy mill, basket mill, agitator ball mill, cryo ball mill, micro ball mill, tumbler ball mill, continuous ball mill, stirred ball mill, pressurized ball mill, freezer mill, vibratory sieve, bead mill, nano bead mill, ultrasonic homogenizer mill, centrifugal planetary mixer, vacuum ball mill, or resonant acoustic mixer. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said graphitic material contains a non- intercalated and nonoxidized graphitic material that has never been previously exposed to a chemical or oxidation treatment prior to said mixing step. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer contains a high carbon-yield polymer selected from phenolic resin, poly furfuryl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamide, polyoxadiazole, polybenzoxazole, polybenzobisoxazole, polythiazole, polybenzothiazole, polybenzobisthiazole, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polybenzimidazole, polybenzobisimidazole, a copolymer thereof, a polymer blend thereof, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer contains a low carbon-yield polymer selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile-butadiene (ABS), polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, poly vinylidiene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), a copolymer thereof, a polymer blend thereof, or a combination thereof. Original
(Ori g ina l) The method of claim 1, wherein said step of pyrolyzing includes carbonizing said polymer at a temperature from 200 ° C to 2, 500 ° C to obtain graphene balls wherein said graphene shell comprises carbon-bonded graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (d) of suspending said graphene- encapsulated polymer particles in a gaseous medium comprises operating a fluidized-bed apparatus. Original
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
hollow graphene ball
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphitic material
solid polymer carrier material
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 6 Electrical conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Temperature | 1500–2500 °C | — |
Temperature |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 11,603,316Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 A flow chart showing the most commonly used prior art process of producing highly oxidized NGPs that entails tedious chemical oxidation/intercalation, …
FIG. 2(B) Schematic of the heat-induced conversion of polymer into carbon, which bonds graphene sheets together to form separated, individual graphene balls.
FIG. 3 Thermal conductivity values vs. specific gravity of a carbon-bonded graphene ball compact (a foam-like structure) produced by the presently invented …
FIG. 4 Thermal conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam.
FIG. 5 Thermal conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and pristine graphene foam (prepared by casting with a blowing agent and then heat …
FIG. 6 Electrical conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam.
FIG. 7 The amount of oil absorbed per gram of graphene ball compacts, plotted as a function of the oxygen content in the foam having a porosity level of …
FIG. 8 The amount of oil absorbed per gram of integral carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts, plotted as a function of the porosity level (given the same oxygen …
FIG. 9 The amount of chloroform absorbed out of a chloroform-water mixture, plotted as a function of the degree of fluorination. SVG …
FIG. 10 Schematic of heat sink structures (2 examples).
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of producing multiple individual hollow graphene balls directly from a graphitic material, said method consisting of: (a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material and multiple particles of a solid polymer carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; (b) operating said energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from said graphitic material and transferring said graphene sheets to surfaces of said solid polymer carrier material particles to produce graphene-encapsulated polymer particles inside said impacting chamber; (c) recovering said graphene-encapsulated polymer particles from said impacting chamber; and (d) suspending said graphene-encapsulated polymer particles in a gaseous medium to keep said particles separated from each other while concurrently pyrolyzing said particles to thermally convert said polymer into pores and carbon, wherein at least one of the graphene balls comprises a hollow core enclosed by a shell composed of graphene sheets bonded together by said carbon. Previously presented
The method of claim 1, wherein a plurality of impacting balls or media are added to the impacting chamber of said energy impacting apparatus. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer material particles include plastic or rubber beads, pellets, spheres, wires, fibers, filaments, discs, ribbons, or rods, having a diameter or thickness from 10 nm to 10 mm. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer is selected from solid particles of a thermoplastic, thermoset resin, rubber, semi-penetrating network polymer, penetrating network polymer, natural polymer, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer is partially removed by melting, etching, or dissolving in a solvent prior to step (d). Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphitic material is selected from natural graphite, synthetic graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, graphite fiber, graphitic nanofiber, graphite fluoride, oxidized graphite, chemically modified graphite, exfoliated graphite, recompressed exfoliated graphite, expanded graphite, mesocarbon microbead, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein the energy impacting apparatus is a vibratory ball mill, planetary ball mill, high energy mill, basket mill, agitator ball mill, cryo ball mill, micro ball mill, tumbler ball mill, continuous ball mill, stirred ball mill, pressurized ball mill, freezer mill, vibratory sieve, bead mill, nano bead mill, ultrasonic homogenizer mill, centrifugal planetary mixer, vacuum ball mill, or resonant acoustic mixer. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said graphitic material contains a non- intercalated and nonoxidized graphitic material that has never been previously exposed to a chemical or oxidation treatment prior to said mixing step. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer contains a high carbon-yield polymer selected from phenolic resin, poly furfuryl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, polyimide, polyamide, polyoxadiazole, polybenzoxazole, polybenzobisoxazole, polythiazole, polybenzothiazole, polybenzobisthiazole, poly(p-phenylene vinylene), polybenzimidazole, polybenzobisimidazole, a copolymer thereof, a polymer blend thereof, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid polymer contains a low carbon-yield polymer selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile-butadiene (ABS), polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, poly vinylidiene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyphenylene oxide (PPO), poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), a copolymer thereof, a polymer blend thereof, or a combination thereof. Original
(Ori g ina l) The method of claim 1, wherein said step of pyrolyzing includes carbonizing said polymer at a temperature from 200 ° C to 2, 500 ° C to obtain graphene balls wherein said graphene shell comprises carbon-bonded graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (d) of suspending said graphene- encapsulated polymer particles in a gaseous medium comprises operating a fluidized-bed apparatus. Original
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
hollow graphene ball
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphitic material
solid polymer carrier material
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 6 Electrical conductivity values of carbon-bonded graphene ball compacts and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Temperature | 1500–2500 °C | — |
Temperature |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
graphene sheets bonded by carbon
high carbon-yield polymer
low carbon-yield polymer
| — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.36 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Temperature | 100–650 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.3345–0.4 nm | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 minutes | — |
— | 250–500 W | — |
Temperature | 300–2500 °C | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 hours | — |
Thickness | 0.2–2 mm | — |
Duration | 10–120 minutes | — |
Duration | 2–48 hours | — |
Temperature | 3000–3250 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.344 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 2 nm | — |
— | ≥ 200 W | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–10000000 nm | — |
Thickness | 100–1000000 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–2500 °C | — |
Temperature | 2500–3200 °C | — |
graphene sheets bonded by carbon
high carbon-yield polymer
low carbon-yield polymer
| — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.36 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Temperature | 100–650 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.3345–0.4 nm | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 minutes | — |
— | 250–500 W | — |
Temperature | 300–2500 °C | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 hours | — |
Thickness | 0.2–2 mm | — |
Duration | 10–120 minutes | — |
Duration | 2–48 hours | — |
Temperature | 3000–3250 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.344 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 2 nm | — |
— | ≥ 200 W | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–10000000 nm | — |
Thickness | 100–1000000 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–2500 °C | — |
Temperature | 2500–3200 °C | — |
graphene sheets bonded by carbon
high carbon-yield polymer
low carbon-yield polymer
| — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.36 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Temperature | 100–650 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.3345–0.4 nm | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 minutes | — |
— | 250–500 W | — |
Temperature | 300–2500 °C | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 hours | — |
Thickness | 0.2–2 mm | — |
Duration | 10–120 minutes | — |
Duration | 2–48 hours | — |
Temperature | 3000–3250 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.344 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 2 nm | — |
— | ≥ 200 W | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–10000000 nm | — |
Thickness | 100–1000000 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–2500 °C | — |
Temperature | 2500–3200 °C | — |
graphene sheets bonded by carbon
high carbon-yield polymer
low carbon-yield polymer
| — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.36 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3354–0.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Temperature | 100–650 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.3345–0.4 nm | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 minutes | — |
— | 250–500 W | — |
Temperature | 300–2500 °C | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 hours | — |
Thickness | 0.2–2 mm | — |
Duration | 10–120 minutes | — |
Duration | 2–48 hours | — |
Temperature | 3000–3250 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.344 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 2 nm | — |
— | ≥ 200 W | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–10000000 nm | — |
Thickness | 100–1000000 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–2500 °C | — |
Temperature | 2500–3200 °C | — |