Patent
US 9,776,874PI COUPLING AGENTS FOR DISPERSION OF GRAPHENE NANOPLATELETS IN POLYMERS
Lawrence T. Drzal
US
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US 9,776,874Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1 illustrates the chemical structure of (a) polyethylene-graft-ma le ic anhydride and (b) 1 -py r eneca rbal dehyde. [001 5]
Figure 2 illustrates the chemical reaction between 1-pyrenecarbaldehyde and diaminododecane to make an amino-functionalized pyrene.
Figure 3 illustrates the reaction of the amino-functionalized pyrene with the polyethylene-graft- maleic anhydride to form a polyethylene with grafted pendant pyrene aromatic moieties (" PE-g-Py").
Figure 4 illustrates a process for establishing Tr-Tr stacking between EGN platelets and a functionalized polymer-graphene compatibilizer according to the disclosure (e.g., EGN platelets dispersed in polyethylene-graft-pyrene).
Figure 5 illustrates the flexural properties of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 p m) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN).
Figure 6 illustrates the in-plane electrical resistivity of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 pm) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN).
Figure 7 il l ustrates the thermal conductivity of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 p m) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN). [0021] While the disclosed compositions, apparatus, products, and methods are …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
P lease canc el cla ims 1 an d 20. canceled
, line 1, please delete the number "I " and s ubs tit ute therefor the number -- SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.15.950.1374.968.1404.svg 0.10 0.06 Chemistry Black and white 2 --. Claim 1 1, line 1, please delete the num ber "1 " an d substitute SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.16.1033.1450.1107.1482.svg 0.107 0.247 Chemistry Black and white re f or the nu mbn er -- 42 SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.16.1744.1466.1812.1480.svg 0.047 0.227 Chemistry Black and white
Clai m 2, line 1, please delete t he n umber "1" and s u bstitute there f or th e number -- 42 SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.5.1032.606.1101.624.svg 0.06 0.23 Chemistry Black and white Claima 3, line 1, please delete the number "1 " and su bstitute the r efor the n umb er -- 42 --.
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2, line 1, please delete t he n umber " SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.17.1675.1528.1692.1559.svg 0.103 0.057 Chemistry Black and white and s ubst itute there f or the nu mb er -- 42 SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.18.1033.1622.1099.1637.svg 0.05 0.22 Chemistry Black and white
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, line 1, pleas e delete the n um ber 'l" and 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.30.1032.2558.1102.2575.svg Chemistry Black and white f or the num ber -- 42 SVG 0.06 0.23 substitute th erefor the n umber -- 42 SVG 0.057 0.233
Materials described outside the worked examples.
exfoliated graphene nanoparticle (EGN) platelets
polymer-graphene compatibilizer
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 6 illustrates the in-plane electrical resistivity of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 pm) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN).
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
EGN platelet thickness | 0.3–20 | exfoliated graphene nanoparticle (EGN) platelets |
EGN platelet width | 0.1–20 |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,776,874Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1 illustrates the chemical structure of (a) polyethylene-graft-ma le ic anhydride and (b) 1 -py r eneca rbal dehyde. [001 5]
Figure 2 illustrates the chemical reaction between 1-pyrenecarbaldehyde and diaminododecane to make an amino-functionalized pyrene.
Figure 3 illustrates the reaction of the amino-functionalized pyrene with the polyethylene-graft- maleic anhydride to form a polyethylene with grafted pendant pyrene aromatic moieties (" PE-g-Py").
Figure 4 illustrates a process for establishing Tr-Tr stacking between EGN platelets and a functionalized polymer-graphene compatibilizer according to the disclosure (e.g., EGN platelets dispersed in polyethylene-graft-pyrene).
Figure 5 illustrates the flexural properties of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 p m) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN).
Figure 6 illustrates the in-plane electrical resistivity of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 pm) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN).
Figure 7 il l ustrates the thermal conductivity of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 p m) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN). [0021] While the disclosed compositions, apparatus, products, and methods are …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
P lease canc el cla ims 1 an d 20. canceled
, line 1, please delete the number "I " and s ubs tit ute therefor the number -- SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.15.950.1374.968.1404.svg 0.10 0.06 Chemistry Black and white 2 --. Claim 1 1, line 1, please delete the num ber "1 " an d substitute SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.16.1033.1450.1107.1482.svg 0.107 0.247 Chemistry Black and white re f or the nu mbn er -- 42 SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.16.1744.1466.1812.1480.svg 0.047 0.227 Chemistry Black and white
Clai m 2, line 1, please delete t he n umber "1" and s u bstitute there f or th e number -- 42 SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.5.1032.606.1101.624.svg 0.06 0.23 Chemistry Black and white Claima 3, line 1, please delete the number "1 " and su bstitute the r efor the n umb er -- 42 --.
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2, line 1, please delete t he n umber " SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.17.1675.1528.1692.1559.svg 0.103 0.057 Chemistry Black and white and s ubst itute there f or the nu mb er -- 42 SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.18.1033.1622.1099.1637.svg 0.05 0.22 Chemistry Black and white
, li n SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.19.797.1692.847.1717.svg 0.083 0.167 Chemistry Black and white 1, p lea se delete the n u mber " SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.19.1648.1685.1694.1715.svg 0.10 0.153 Chemistry Black and white " and substitute there f or the num b er 42 --.
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, l ine 1, please del et e the number " SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.27.1674.2311.1693.2341.svg 0.10 0.063 Chemistry Black and white " and substitute th ere 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.28.1032.2400.1101.2418.svg Chemistry Black and white
, line 1, pleas e delete the n um ber 'l" and 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.30.1032.2558.1102.2575.svg Chemistry Black and white f or the num ber -- 42 SVG 0.06 0.23 substitute th erefor the n umber -- 42 SVG 0.057 0.233
Materials described outside the worked examples.
exfoliated graphene nanoparticle (EGN) platelets
polymer-graphene compatibilizer
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 6 illustrates the in-plane electrical resistivity of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 pm) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN).
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
EGN platelet thickness | 0.3–20 | exfoliated graphene nanoparticle (EGN) platelets |
EGN platelet width | 0.1–20 |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,776,874Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1 illustrates the chemical structure of (a) polyethylene-graft-ma le ic anhydride and (b) 1 -py r eneca rbal dehyde. [001 5]
Figure 2 illustrates the chemical reaction between 1-pyrenecarbaldehyde and diaminododecane to make an amino-functionalized pyrene.
Figure 3 illustrates the reaction of the amino-functionalized pyrene with the polyethylene-graft- maleic anhydride to form a polyethylene with grafted pendant pyrene aromatic moieties (" PE-g-Py").
Figure 4 illustrates a process for establishing Tr-Tr stacking between EGN platelets and a functionalized polymer-graphene compatibilizer according to the disclosure (e.g., EGN platelets dispersed in polyethylene-graft-pyrene).
Figure 5 illustrates the flexural properties of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 p m) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN).
Figure 6 illustrates the in-plane electrical resistivity of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 pm) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN).
Figure 7 il l ustrates the thermal conductivity of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 p m) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN). [0021] While the disclosed compositions, apparatus, products, and methods are …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
P lease canc el cla ims 1 an d 20. canceled
, line 1, please delete the number "I " and s ubs tit ute therefor the number -- SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.15.950.1374.968.1404.svg 0.10 0.06 Chemistry Black and white 2 --. Claim 1 1, line 1, please delete the num ber "1 " an d substitute SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.16.1033.1450.1107.1482.svg 0.107 0.247 Chemistry Black and white re f or the nu mbn er -- 42 SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.16.1744.1466.1812.1480.svg 0.047 0.227 Chemistry Black and white
Clai m 2, line 1, please delete t he n umber "1" and s u bstitute there f or th e number -- 42 SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.5.1032.606.1101.624.svg 0.06 0.23 Chemistry Black and white Claima 3, line 1, please delete the number "1 " and su bstitute the r efor the n umb er -- 42 --.
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2, line 1, please delete t he n umber " SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.17.1675.1528.1692.1559.svg 0.103 0.057 Chemistry Black and white and s ubst itute there f or the nu mb er -- 42 SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.18.1033.1622.1099.1637.svg 0.05 0.22 Chemistry Black and white
, li n SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.19.797.1692.847.1717.svg 0.083 0.167 Chemistry Black and white 1, p lea se delete the n u mber " SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.19.1648.1685.1694.1715.svg 0.10 0.153 Chemistry Black and white " and substitute there f or the num b er 42 --.
Cl aim 14, l ine 1, please delete the n umber "I " and substit ute there f or the numb er -- 42 --.
Clai m 17, line 1, please delete the nu m ber "1" a nd subs titute th ere f or th e num ber -- 42 SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.26.1033.2247.1101.2264.svg 0.057 0.227 Chemistry Black and white
, l ine 1, please del et e the number " SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.27.1674.2311.1693.2341.svg 0.10 0.063 Chemistry Black and white " and substitute th ere 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.28.1032.2400.1101.2418.svg Chemistry Black and white
, line 1, pleas e delete the n um ber 'l" and 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.30.1032.2558.1102.2575.svg Chemistry Black and white f or the num ber -- 42 SVG 0.06 0.23 substitute th erefor the n umber -- 42 SVG 0.057 0.233
Materials described outside the worked examples.
exfoliated graphene nanoparticle (EGN) platelets
polymer-graphene compatibilizer
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 6 illustrates the in-plane electrical resistivity of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 pm) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN).
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
EGN platelet thickness | 0.3–20 | exfoliated graphene nanoparticle (EGN) platelets |
EGN platelet width | 0.1–20 |
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,776,874Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1 illustrates the chemical structure of (a) polyethylene-graft-ma le ic anhydride and (b) 1 -py r eneca rbal dehyde. [001 5]
Figure 2 illustrates the chemical reaction between 1-pyrenecarbaldehyde and diaminododecane to make an amino-functionalized pyrene.
Figure 3 illustrates the reaction of the amino-functionalized pyrene with the polyethylene-graft- maleic anhydride to form a polyethylene with grafted pendant pyrene aromatic moieties (" PE-g-Py").
Figure 4 illustrates a process for establishing Tr-Tr stacking between EGN platelets and a functionalized polymer-graphene compatibilizer according to the disclosure (e.g., EGN platelets dispersed in polyethylene-graft-pyrene).
Figure 5 illustrates the flexural properties of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 p m) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN).
Figure 6 illustrates the in-plane electrical resistivity of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 pm) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN).
Figure 7 il l ustrates the thermal conductivity of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 p m) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN). [0021] While the disclosed compositions, apparatus, products, and methods are …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
P lease canc el cla ims 1 an d 20. canceled
, line 1, please delete the number "I " and s ubs tit ute therefor the number -- SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.15.950.1374.968.1404.svg 0.10 0.06 Chemistry Black and white 2 --. Claim 1 1, line 1, please delete the num ber "1 " an d substitute SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.16.1033.1450.1107.1482.svg 0.107 0.247 Chemistry Black and white re f or the nu mbn er -- 42 SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.16.1744.1466.1812.1480.svg 0.047 0.227 Chemistry Black and white
Clai m 2, line 1, please delete t he n umber "1" and s u bstitute there f or th e number -- 42 SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.5.1032.606.1101.624.svg 0.06 0.23 Chemistry Black and white Claima 3, line 1, please delete the number "1 " and su bstitute the r efor the n umb er -- 42 --.
, lin e 1, plea se delete th e nu mb er " l" and su bsti tute therefor t h e number-- 42--.
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2, line 1, please delete t he n umber " SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.17.1675.1528.1692.1559.svg 0.103 0.057 Chemistry Black and white and s ubst itute there f or the nu mb er -- 42 SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.18.1033.1622.1099.1637.svg 0.05 0.22 Chemistry Black and white
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Cl aim 14, l ine 1, please delete the n umber "I " and substit ute there f or the numb er -- 42 --.
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, l ine 1, please del et e the number " SVG 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.27.1674.2311.1693.2341.svg 0.10 0.063 Chemistry Black and white " and substitute th ere 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.28.1032.2400.1101.2418.svg Chemistry Black and white
, line 1, pleas e delete the n um ber 'l" and 13199086.11-03-2015.IGJWMJ₃₁PXXIFW3.CLM.1.30.1032.2558.1102.2575.svg Chemistry Black and white f or the num ber -- 42 SVG 0.06 0.23 substitute th erefor the n umber -- 42 SVG 0.057 0.233
Materials described outside the worked examples.
exfoliated graphene nanoparticle (EGN) platelets
polymer-graphene compatibilizer
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 6 illustrates the in-plane electrical resistivity of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN (15 pm) nanocomposites formed according to the disclosure (a: 95/0/5, b: 94/1/5, c: 92/3/5, d: 90/5/5, e: 85/10/5 all vol.% of HDPE/PE-g-Py/EGN).
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
EGN platelet thickness | 0.3–20 | exfoliated graphene nanoparticle (EGN) platelets |
EGN platelet width | 0.1–20 |
polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride
diaminododecane
1-pyrenecarbaldehyde
pyrene
second polymer (matrix polymer)
aromatic moiety loading in compatibilizer | 0.001–1 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
ratio of surface area of aromatic moieties to surface area of EGN platelets | 0.01–0.2 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
ratio of surface area of monolayer equivalent of compatibilizer to surface area of EGN platelets | 0.1–20 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
number of aromatic rings in aromatic moieties | 1–20 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
linking group chain length (non-hydrogen atoms) | 1–40 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
Thickness | 0.3–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 4–6 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–15 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 0.3 nm | — |
polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride
diaminododecane
1-pyrenecarbaldehyde
pyrene
second polymer (matrix polymer)
aromatic moiety loading in compatibilizer | 0.001–1 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
ratio of surface area of aromatic moieties to surface area of EGN platelets | 0.01–0.2 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
ratio of surface area of monolayer equivalent of compatibilizer to surface area of EGN platelets | 0.1–20 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
number of aromatic rings in aromatic moieties | 1–20 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
linking group chain length (non-hydrogen atoms) | 1–40 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
Thickness | 0.3–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 4–6 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–15 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 0.3 nm | — |
polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride
diaminododecane
1-pyrenecarbaldehyde
pyrene
second polymer (matrix polymer)
aromatic moiety loading in compatibilizer | 0.001–1 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
ratio of surface area of aromatic moieties to surface area of EGN platelets | 0.01–0.2 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
ratio of surface area of monolayer equivalent of compatibilizer to surface area of EGN platelets | 0.1–20 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
number of aromatic rings in aromatic moieties | 1–20 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
linking group chain length (non-hydrogen atoms) | 1–40 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
Thickness | 0.3–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 4–6 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–15 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 0.3 nm | — |
polyethylene-graft-maleic anhydride
diaminododecane
1-pyrenecarbaldehyde
pyrene
second polymer (matrix polymer)
aromatic moiety loading in compatibilizer | 0.001–1 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
ratio of surface area of aromatic moieties to surface area of EGN platelets | 0.01–0.2 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
ratio of surface area of monolayer equivalent of compatibilizer to surface area of EGN platelets | 0.1–20 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
number of aromatic rings in aromatic moieties | 1–20 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
linking group chain length (non-hydrogen atoms) | 1–40 | polymer-graphene compatibilizer |
Thickness | 0.3–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 0.3–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 4–6 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–15 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 0.3 nm | — |