Patent
US 9,269,503TITANIUM OXIDE COMPOSITE, TITANIUM OXIDE COMPOSITE MANUFACTURING METHOD, AND HYBRID SUPER CAPACITOR USING THE SAME
Young Joo OH
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,269,503Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1.
FIG. 2) of 100 nm to 800 nm may be formed by applying an ultrasound or mechanical mixing method to the plurality of lithium (Li) precursors and the plurality …
FIG. 3 is a front view of graphene of
FIG. 4 is a process diagram illustrating a process of manufacturing a titanium oxide composite of the present invention.
FIGS. 5 through 8 are flowcharts illustrating embodiments of the process of 10 manufacturing titanium oxide of
FIG. 6, a method of forming the granule type granular Li XTi y O₂ using the sol-gel method may prepare a plurality of LiNO 3 (lithium nitrate) precursors and a …
FIG. 7, a method of forming the granule type granular Li XTi y O z using the hydrothermal synthetic method may prepare LiOH -H 2 0 (lithium hydroxide mono- …
FIG. 8, a method of forming the granule type granular H X Ti y O z using the solid phase method after ion exchange may prepare a plurality of sodium (Na) …
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a hybrid super capacitor to which the titanium oxide composite of the present invention is applied. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A titanium oxide composite, wherein graphene is formed to be surrounded on a surface of granule type titanium oxide comprising: a granular titanium oxide including titanium oxide granules; and a graphene formed on a surface of the individual titanium oxide granules, the graphene surrounding the individual titanium oxide granules, wherein the granular titanium oxide includes a granular Li TiYO 7 and a granular H TiyO 7, wherein the granular Li TiO 7 satisfies 1 x 4, 1 y < 5, and 1 z < 12, and the granular SVG 14077527.09-28-2015.IF₆ZGU₄LPXXIFW1.CLM.1.svg 0.17 4.1 Black and white wherein the titanium oxide granules have an average particle size of about 4 p m to about 60 g m and a specific surface area of about 4 m 2/g to about 100 m 2/g, and wherein the graphene has a specific surface area of about 500 m 2/g to about 2500 m 2/g.
The titanium oxide composite of claim 1, wherein the titanium oxide composite comprises the granule typegranular titanium oxide of about 70 wt % to about 99 wt% and the graphene of about 1 wt % to about 30 wt %.
canceled
canceled
canceled
A method of manufacturing a titanium oxide composite, the method comprising: Page 3 of 11 Application No. 14/077,527 Attorney Docket No.: JLE 00 85US Response dated: Reply to Non-Final Office Action of: coating graphene oxide to be surrounded on a surface of granule type titanium oxide using an electrostatic force; and performing reduction processing of the graphene oxide coated on the surface of the granule type titanium oxide to be graphene. withdrawn
The method of claim 6, wherein the coating of the graphene oxide comprises: preparing the granule type titanium oxide; applying positive charge by coating NH 2 on the surface of the granule type titanium oxide; and coating, using the electrostatic force, the graphene oxide having negative charge to be surrounded on the surface of the granule type titanium oxide having the positive charge, and wherein, in the preparing of the granule type titanium oxide, one of a granule type LixTiyO z and a granule type H X Ti y O₂ is selected and thereby used for the granule type titanium oxide, the granule type Li xTiyO z is formed using one of a solid phase method, a sol-gel method, and a hydrothermal synthetic method, and the granule type H X Ti y O₂ is formed using the solid phase method after ion exchange. withdrawn
The method of claim 6, wherein the performing of the reduction Page 6 of 11 Application No. 14/077,527 Attorney Docket No.: JLE 00 85US Response dated: Reply to Non-Final Office Action of: processing comprises reducing the graphene oxide to be graphene using hydrazine (N 2 H 4). withdrawn
A hybrid super capacitor, comprising: an anode comprising a first collector and an anode active material member formed on the first collector; and a cathode comprising a second collector disposed to face the anode and a cathode active material member formed on the second collector, wherein the anode active material member comprises activated carbon, the cathode active material member comprises a titanium oxide composite, the titanium oxide composite comprises granule type titanium oxide of about 70 wt % to about 99 wt % and graphene of about 1 wt% to about 30 wt%, and wherein one of a granule type Li xTiyOz and a granule type H X Ti y O z is selected and thereby used for the granule type titanium oxide, the granule type Li xTiyOz satisfies 1 x 4, 1 y < 5, and 1 z< 12, and the gr anule type HxTiyOz satisfies 1 x< 2, 1 y < 12, and 1 z
Page 7 of 11 withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
titanium oxide composite
hybrid super capacitor
Materials described outside the worked examples.
granule type titanium oxide
granule type LixTiyOz
LixTiyOz
granule type HxTiyOz
HxTiyOz
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
specific surface area of granular titanium oxide (LixTiyOz or HxTiyOz) | 4–100 m2/g | granule type titanium oxide |
specific surface area of graphene | 500–2500 m2/g |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,269,503Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1.
FIG. 2) of 100 nm to 800 nm may be formed by applying an ultrasound or mechanical mixing method to the plurality of lithium (Li) precursors and the plurality …
FIG. 3 is a front view of graphene of
FIG. 4 is a process diagram illustrating a process of manufacturing a titanium oxide composite of the present invention.
FIGS. 5 through 8 are flowcharts illustrating embodiments of the process of 10 manufacturing titanium oxide of
FIG. 6, a method of forming the granule type granular Li XTi y O₂ using the sol-gel method may prepare a plurality of LiNO 3 (lithium nitrate) precursors and a …
FIG. 7, a method of forming the granule type granular Li XTi y O z using the hydrothermal synthetic method may prepare LiOH -H 2 0 (lithium hydroxide mono- …
FIG. 8, a method of forming the granule type granular H X Ti y O z using the solid phase method after ion exchange may prepare a plurality of sodium (Na) …
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a hybrid super capacitor to which the titanium oxide composite of the present invention is applied. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A titanium oxide composite, wherein graphene is formed to be surrounded on a surface of granule type titanium oxide comprising: a granular titanium oxide including titanium oxide granules; and a graphene formed on a surface of the individual titanium oxide granules, the graphene surrounding the individual titanium oxide granules, wherein the granular titanium oxide includes a granular Li TiYO 7 and a granular H TiyO 7, wherein the granular Li TiO 7 satisfies 1 x 4, 1 y < 5, and 1 z < 12, and the granular SVG 14077527.09-28-2015.IF₆ZGU₄LPXXIFW1.CLM.1.svg 0.17 4.1 Black and white wherein the titanium oxide granules have an average particle size of about 4 p m to about 60 g m and a specific surface area of about 4 m 2/g to about 100 m 2/g, and wherein the graphene has a specific surface area of about 500 m 2/g to about 2500 m 2/g.
The titanium oxide composite of claim 1, wherein the titanium oxide composite comprises the granule typegranular titanium oxide of about 70 wt % to about 99 wt% and the graphene of about 1 wt % to about 30 wt %.
canceled
canceled
canceled
A method of manufacturing a titanium oxide composite, the method comprising: Page 3 of 11 Application No. 14/077,527 Attorney Docket No.: JLE 00 85US Response dated: Reply to Non-Final Office Action of: coating graphene oxide to be surrounded on a surface of granule type titanium oxide using an electrostatic force; and performing reduction processing of the graphene oxide coated on the surface of the granule type titanium oxide to be graphene. withdrawn
The method of claim 6, wherein the coating of the graphene oxide comprises: preparing the granule type titanium oxide; applying positive charge by coating NH 2 on the surface of the granule type titanium oxide; and coating, using the electrostatic force, the graphene oxide having negative charge to be surrounded on the surface of the granule type titanium oxide having the positive charge, and wherein, in the preparing of the granule type titanium oxide, one of a granule type LixTiyO z and a granule type H X Ti y O₂ is selected and thereby used for the granule type titanium oxide, the granule type Li xTiyO z is formed using one of a solid phase method, a sol-gel method, and a hydrothermal synthetic method, and the granule type H X Ti y O₂ is formed using the solid phase method after ion exchange. withdrawn
The method of claim 6, wherein the performing of the reduction Page 6 of 11 Application No. 14/077,527 Attorney Docket No.: JLE 00 85US Response dated: Reply to Non-Final Office Action of: processing comprises reducing the graphene oxide to be graphene using hydrazine (N 2 H 4). withdrawn
A hybrid super capacitor, comprising: an anode comprising a first collector and an anode active material member formed on the first collector; and a cathode comprising a second collector disposed to face the anode and a cathode active material member formed on the second collector, wherein the anode active material member comprises activated carbon, the cathode active material member comprises a titanium oxide composite, the titanium oxide composite comprises granule type titanium oxide of about 70 wt % to about 99 wt % and graphene of about 1 wt% to about 30 wt%, and wherein one of a granule type Li xTiyOz and a granule type H X Ti y O z is selected and thereby used for the granule type titanium oxide, the granule type Li xTiyOz satisfies 1 x 4, 1 y < 5, and 1 z< 12, and the gr anule type HxTiyOz satisfies 1 x< 2, 1 y < 12, and 1 z
Page 7 of 11 withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
titanium oxide composite
hybrid super capacitor
Materials described outside the worked examples.
granule type titanium oxide
granule type LixTiyOz
LixTiyOz
granule type HxTiyOz
HxTiyOz
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
specific surface area of granular titanium oxide (LixTiyOz or HxTiyOz) | 4–100 m2/g | granule type titanium oxide |
specific surface area of graphene | 500–2500 m2/g |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,269,503Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1.
FIG. 2) of 100 nm to 800 nm may be formed by applying an ultrasound or mechanical mixing method to the plurality of lithium (Li) precursors and the plurality …
FIG. 3 is a front view of graphene of
FIG. 4 is a process diagram illustrating a process of manufacturing a titanium oxide composite of the present invention.
FIGS. 5 through 8 are flowcharts illustrating embodiments of the process of 10 manufacturing titanium oxide of
FIG. 6, a method of forming the granule type granular Li XTi y O₂ using the sol-gel method may prepare a plurality of LiNO 3 (lithium nitrate) precursors and a …
FIG. 7, a method of forming the granule type granular Li XTi y O z using the hydrothermal synthetic method may prepare LiOH -H 2 0 (lithium hydroxide mono- …
FIG. 8, a method of forming the granule type granular H X Ti y O z using the solid phase method after ion exchange may prepare a plurality of sodium (Na) …
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a hybrid super capacitor to which the titanium oxide composite of the present invention is applied. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A titanium oxide composite, wherein graphene is formed to be surrounded on a surface of granule type titanium oxide comprising: a granular titanium oxide including titanium oxide granules; and a graphene formed on a surface of the individual titanium oxide granules, the graphene surrounding the individual titanium oxide granules, wherein the granular titanium oxide includes a granular Li TiYO 7 and a granular H TiyO 7, wherein the granular Li TiO 7 satisfies 1 x 4, 1 y < 5, and 1 z < 12, and the granular SVG 14077527.09-28-2015.IF₆ZGU₄LPXXIFW1.CLM.1.svg 0.17 4.1 Black and white wherein the titanium oxide granules have an average particle size of about 4 p m to about 60 g m and a specific surface area of about 4 m 2/g to about 100 m 2/g, and wherein the graphene has a specific surface area of about 500 m 2/g to about 2500 m 2/g.
The titanium oxide composite of claim 1, wherein the titanium oxide composite comprises the granule typegranular titanium oxide of about 70 wt % to about 99 wt% and the graphene of about 1 wt % to about 30 wt %.
canceled
canceled
canceled
A method of manufacturing a titanium oxide composite, the method comprising: Page 3 of 11 Application No. 14/077,527 Attorney Docket No.: JLE 00 85US Response dated: Reply to Non-Final Office Action of: coating graphene oxide to be surrounded on a surface of granule type titanium oxide using an electrostatic force; and performing reduction processing of the graphene oxide coated on the surface of the granule type titanium oxide to be graphene. withdrawn
The method of claim 6, wherein the coating of the graphene oxide comprises: preparing the granule type titanium oxide; applying positive charge by coating NH 2 on the surface of the granule type titanium oxide; and coating, using the electrostatic force, the graphene oxide having negative charge to be surrounded on the surface of the granule type titanium oxide having the positive charge, and wherein, in the preparing of the granule type titanium oxide, one of a granule type LixTiyO z and a granule type H X Ti y O₂ is selected and thereby used for the granule type titanium oxide, the granule type Li xTiyO z is formed using one of a solid phase method, a sol-gel method, and a hydrothermal synthetic method, and the granule type H X Ti y O₂ is formed using the solid phase method after ion exchange. withdrawn
The method of claim 6, wherein the performing of the reduction Page 6 of 11 Application No. 14/077,527 Attorney Docket No.: JLE 00 85US Response dated: Reply to Non-Final Office Action of: processing comprises reducing the graphene oxide to be graphene using hydrazine (N 2 H 4). withdrawn
A hybrid super capacitor, comprising: an anode comprising a first collector and an anode active material member formed on the first collector; and a cathode comprising a second collector disposed to face the anode and a cathode active material member formed on the second collector, wherein the anode active material member comprises activated carbon, the cathode active material member comprises a titanium oxide composite, the titanium oxide composite comprises granule type titanium oxide of about 70 wt % to about 99 wt % and graphene of about 1 wt% to about 30 wt%, and wherein one of a granule type Li xTiyOz and a granule type H X Ti y O z is selected and thereby used for the granule type titanium oxide, the granule type Li xTiyOz satisfies 1 x 4, 1 y < 5, and 1 z< 12, and the gr anule type HxTiyOz satisfies 1 x< 2, 1 y < 12, and 1 z
Page 7 of 11 withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
titanium oxide composite
hybrid super capacitor
Materials described outside the worked examples.
granule type titanium oxide
granule type LixTiyOz
LixTiyOz
granule type HxTiyOz
HxTiyOz
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
specific surface area of granular titanium oxide (LixTiyOz or HxTiyOz) | 4–100 m2/g | granule type titanium oxide |
specific surface area of graphene | 500–2500 m2/g |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,269,503Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1.
FIG. 2) of 100 nm to 800 nm may be formed by applying an ultrasound or mechanical mixing method to the plurality of lithium (Li) precursors and the plurality …
FIG. 3 is a front view of graphene of
FIG. 4 is a process diagram illustrating a process of manufacturing a titanium oxide composite of the present invention.
FIGS. 5 through 8 are flowcharts illustrating embodiments of the process of 10 manufacturing titanium oxide of
FIG. 6, a method of forming the granule type granular Li XTi y O₂ using the sol-gel method may prepare a plurality of LiNO 3 (lithium nitrate) precursors and a …
FIG. 7, a method of forming the granule type granular Li XTi y O z using the hydrothermal synthetic method may prepare LiOH -H 2 0 (lithium hydroxide mono- …
FIG. 8, a method of forming the granule type granular H X Ti y O z using the solid phase method after ion exchange may prepare a plurality of sodium (Na) …
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a hybrid super capacitor to which the titanium oxide composite of the present invention is applied. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A titanium oxide composite, wherein graphene is formed to be surrounded on a surface of granule type titanium oxide comprising: a granular titanium oxide including titanium oxide granules; and a graphene formed on a surface of the individual titanium oxide granules, the graphene surrounding the individual titanium oxide granules, wherein the granular titanium oxide includes a granular Li TiYO 7 and a granular H TiyO 7, wherein the granular Li TiO 7 satisfies 1 x 4, 1 y < 5, and 1 z < 12, and the granular SVG 14077527.09-28-2015.IF₆ZGU₄LPXXIFW1.CLM.1.svg 0.17 4.1 Black and white wherein the titanium oxide granules have an average particle size of about 4 p m to about 60 g m and a specific surface area of about 4 m 2/g to about 100 m 2/g, and wherein the graphene has a specific surface area of about 500 m 2/g to about 2500 m 2/g.
The titanium oxide composite of claim 1, wherein the titanium oxide composite comprises the granule typegranular titanium oxide of about 70 wt % to about 99 wt% and the graphene of about 1 wt % to about 30 wt %.
canceled
canceled
canceled
A method of manufacturing a titanium oxide composite, the method comprising: Page 3 of 11 Application No. 14/077,527 Attorney Docket No.: JLE 00 85US Response dated: Reply to Non-Final Office Action of: coating graphene oxide to be surrounded on a surface of granule type titanium oxide using an electrostatic force; and performing reduction processing of the graphene oxide coated on the surface of the granule type titanium oxide to be graphene. withdrawn
The method of claim 6, wherein the coating of the graphene oxide comprises: preparing the granule type titanium oxide; applying positive charge by coating NH 2 on the surface of the granule type titanium oxide; and coating, using the electrostatic force, the graphene oxide having negative charge to be surrounded on the surface of the granule type titanium oxide having the positive charge, and wherein, in the preparing of the granule type titanium oxide, one of a granule type LixTiyO z and a granule type H X Ti y O₂ is selected and thereby used for the granule type titanium oxide, the granule type Li xTiyO z is formed using one of a solid phase method, a sol-gel method, and a hydrothermal synthetic method, and the granule type H X Ti y O₂ is formed using the solid phase method after ion exchange. withdrawn
The method of claim 6, wherein the performing of the reduction Page 6 of 11 Application No. 14/077,527 Attorney Docket No.: JLE 00 85US Response dated: Reply to Non-Final Office Action of: processing comprises reducing the graphene oxide to be graphene using hydrazine (N 2 H 4). withdrawn
A hybrid super capacitor, comprising: an anode comprising a first collector and an anode active material member formed on the first collector; and a cathode comprising a second collector disposed to face the anode and a cathode active material member formed on the second collector, wherein the anode active material member comprises activated carbon, the cathode active material member comprises a titanium oxide composite, the titanium oxide composite comprises granule type titanium oxide of about 70 wt % to about 99 wt % and graphene of about 1 wt% to about 30 wt%, and wherein one of a granule type Li xTiyOz and a granule type H X Ti y O z is selected and thereby used for the granule type titanium oxide, the granule type Li xTiyOz satisfies 1 x 4, 1 y < 5, and 1 z< 12, and the gr anule type HxTiyOz satisfies 1 x< 2, 1 y < 12, and 1 z
Page 7 of 11 withdrawn
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
titanium oxide composite
hybrid super capacitor
Materials described outside the worked examples.
granule type titanium oxide
granule type LixTiyOz
LixTiyOz
granule type HxTiyOz
HxTiyOz
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
specific surface area of granular titanium oxide (LixTiyOz or HxTiyOz) | 4–100 m2/g | granule type titanium oxide |
specific surface area of graphene | 500–2500 m2/g |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
graphene oxide
graphene
LiOH
Li₂CO₃
LiNO₃
Ti[OCH(CH₃)2]4
LiOH·H₂O
Ti(OC₄H₉)4
NaxTiyOz
hydrogen chloride solution
HCl
APTMS (3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane)
hydrazine
N₂H₄
activated carbon
TiO₂
TiO(OH)2
average particle size of granular titanium oxide final phase | 4–60 μm | granule type titanium oxide |
granular titanium oxide content in composite | 70–99 wt% | granule type titanium oxide |
graphene content in composite | 1–30 wt% | graphene |
Thickness | 100–800 nm | — |
Temperature | 700–900 °C | — |
Thickness | 10–500 nm | — |
Temperature | 700–800 °C | — |
Temperature | 60–70 °C | — |
Temperature | 250–350 °C | — |
Duration | 2–12 hours | — |
Duration | 12–72 hours | — |
Duration | 10–20 hours | — |
Duration | 24–48 hours | — |
Duration | 5–10 hours | — |
Temperature | 130–200 °C | — |
graphene oxide
graphene
LiOH
Li₂CO₃
LiNO₃
Ti[OCH(CH₃)2]4
LiOH·H₂O
Ti(OC₄H₉)4
NaxTiyOz
hydrogen chloride solution
HCl
APTMS (3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane)
hydrazine
N₂H₄
activated carbon
TiO₂
TiO(OH)2
average particle size of granular titanium oxide final phase | 4–60 μm | granule type titanium oxide |
granular titanium oxide content in composite | 70–99 wt% | granule type titanium oxide |
graphene content in composite | 1–30 wt% | graphene |
Thickness | 100–800 nm | — |
Temperature | 700–900 °C | — |
Thickness | 10–500 nm | — |
Temperature | 700–800 °C | — |
Temperature | 60–70 °C | — |
Temperature | 250–350 °C | — |
Duration | 2–12 hours | — |
Duration | 12–72 hours | — |
Duration | 10–20 hours | — |
Duration | 24–48 hours | — |
Duration | 5–10 hours | — |
Temperature | 130–200 °C | — |
graphene oxide
graphene
LiOH
Li₂CO₃
LiNO₃
Ti[OCH(CH₃)2]4
LiOH·H₂O
Ti(OC₄H₉)4
NaxTiyOz
hydrogen chloride solution
HCl
APTMS (3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane)
hydrazine
N₂H₄
activated carbon
TiO₂
TiO(OH)2
average particle size of granular titanium oxide final phase | 4–60 μm | granule type titanium oxide |
granular titanium oxide content in composite | 70–99 wt% | granule type titanium oxide |
graphene content in composite | 1–30 wt% | graphene |
Thickness | 100–800 nm | — |
Temperature | 700–900 °C | — |
Thickness | 10–500 nm | — |
Temperature | 700–800 °C | — |
Temperature | 60–70 °C | — |
Temperature | 250–350 °C | — |
Duration | 2–12 hours | — |
Duration | 12–72 hours | — |
Duration | 10–20 hours | — |
Duration | 24–48 hours | — |
Duration | 5–10 hours | — |
Temperature | 130–200 °C | — |
graphene oxide
graphene
LiOH
Li₂CO₃
LiNO₃
Ti[OCH(CH₃)2]4
LiOH·H₂O
Ti(OC₄H₉)4
NaxTiyOz
hydrogen chloride solution
HCl
APTMS (3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane)
hydrazine
N₂H₄
activated carbon
TiO₂
TiO(OH)2
average particle size of granular titanium oxide final phase | 4–60 μm | granule type titanium oxide |
granular titanium oxide content in composite | 70–99 wt% | granule type titanium oxide |
graphene content in composite | 1–30 wt% | graphene |
Thickness | 100–800 nm | — |
Temperature | 700–900 °C | — |
Thickness | 10–500 nm | — |
Temperature | 700–800 °C | — |
Temperature | 60–70 °C | — |
Temperature | 250–350 °C | — |
Duration | 2–12 hours | — |
Duration | 12–72 hours | — |
Duration | 10–20 hours | — |
Duration | 24–48 hours | — |
Duration | 5–10 hours | — |
Temperature | 130–200 °C | — |