Research paperTheoreticalComputational MultiscaleExperimental CharacterizationBayesian estimation of optical constants using mixtures of Gaussian process expertsTeemu Härkönen, Hui Chen, Erik VartiainenJournal Name·2026·10.5281/zenodo.19235589·arXiv:2603.26334AbstractWe propose modeling absorption spectrum measurements as mixtures of Gaussian process experts. This enables us to construct a flexible statistical model for interpolating and extrapolating measurements, facilitating statistical integration of Kramers-Kronig relations to estimate the whole complex refractive index. Additionally, we statistically model the anchoring points used in subtractive Kramers-Kronig relations to account for possible measurement errors of the anchor point. In addition to flexible statistical modeling, the mixtures of Gaussian process formulation enables automatic selection of measurement points to use for extrapolation. We apply the method to experimental absorption spectrum measurements of gallium arsenide, potassium chloride, and transparent wood.Read more
Experimental absorption spectrum dataset for gallium arsenide used to demonstrate Bayesian Kramers-Kronig estimation.1 characterizationGaAsStudied MaterialExpand
Experimental absorption spectrum dataset for potassium chloride used to demonstrate Bayesian Kramers-Kronig estimation.1 characterizationKClStudied MaterialExpand
Experimental absorption spectrum dataset for transparent wood used to demonstrate Bayesian Kramers-Kronig estimation.1 characterizationTransparent woodStudied MaterialExpand
Research paperTheoreticalComputational MultiscaleExperimental CharacterizationBayesian estimation of optical constants using mixtures of Gaussian process expertsTeemu Härkönen, Hui Chen, Erik VartiainenJournal Name·2026·10.5281/zenodo.19235589·arXiv:2603.26334AbstractWe propose modeling absorption spectrum measurements as mixtures of Gaussian process experts. This enables us to construct a flexible statistical model for interpolating and extrapolating measurements, facilitating statistical integration of Kramers-Kronig relations to estimate the whole complex refractive index. Additionally, we statistically model the anchoring points used in subtractive Kramers-Kronig relations to account for possible measurement errors of the anchor point. In addition to flexible statistical modeling, the mixtures of Gaussian process formulation enables automatic selection of measurement points to use for extrapolation. We apply the method to experimental absorption spectrum measurements of gallium arsenide, potassium chloride, and transparent wood.Read more
Experimental absorption spectrum dataset for gallium arsenide used to demonstrate Bayesian Kramers-Kronig estimation.1 characterizationGaAsStudied MaterialExpand
Experimental absorption spectrum dataset for potassium chloride used to demonstrate Bayesian Kramers-Kronig estimation.1 characterizationKClStudied MaterialExpand
Experimental absorption spectrum dataset for transparent wood used to demonstrate Bayesian Kramers-Kronig estimation.1 characterizationTransparent woodStudied MaterialExpand
Research paperTheoreticalComputational MultiscaleExperimental CharacterizationBayesian estimation of optical constants using mixtures of Gaussian process expertsTeemu Härkönen, Hui Chen, Erik VartiainenJournal Name·2026·10.5281/zenodo.19235589·arXiv:2603.26334AbstractWe propose modeling absorption spectrum measurements as mixtures of Gaussian process experts. This enables us to construct a flexible statistical model for interpolating and extrapolating measurements, facilitating statistical integration of Kramers-Kronig relations to estimate the whole complex refractive index. Additionally, we statistically model the anchoring points used in subtractive Kramers-Kronig relations to account for possible measurement errors of the anchor point. In addition to flexible statistical modeling, the mixtures of Gaussian process formulation enables automatic selection of measurement points to use for extrapolation. We apply the method to experimental absorption spectrum measurements of gallium arsenide, potassium chloride, and transparent wood.Read more
Experimental absorption spectrum dataset for gallium arsenide used to demonstrate Bayesian Kramers-Kronig estimation.1 characterizationGaAsStudied MaterialExpand
Experimental absorption spectrum dataset for potassium chloride used to demonstrate Bayesian Kramers-Kronig estimation.1 characterizationKClStudied MaterialExpand
Experimental absorption spectrum dataset for transparent wood used to demonstrate Bayesian Kramers-Kronig estimation.1 characterizationTransparent woodStudied MaterialExpand
Research paperTheoreticalComputational MultiscaleExperimental CharacterizationBayesian estimation of optical constants using mixtures of Gaussian process expertsTeemu Härkönen, Hui Chen, Erik VartiainenJournal Name·2026·10.5281/zenodo.19235589·arXiv:2603.26334AbstractWe propose modeling absorption spectrum measurements as mixtures of Gaussian process experts. This enables us to construct a flexible statistical model for interpolating and extrapolating measurements, facilitating statistical integration of Kramers-Kronig relations to estimate the whole complex refractive index. Additionally, we statistically model the anchoring points used in subtractive Kramers-Kronig relations to account for possible measurement errors of the anchor point. In addition to flexible statistical modeling, the mixtures of Gaussian process formulation enables automatic selection of measurement points to use for extrapolation. We apply the method to experimental absorption spectrum measurements of gallium arsenide, potassium chloride, and transparent wood.Read more
Experimental absorption spectrum dataset for gallium arsenide used to demonstrate Bayesian Kramers-Kronig estimation.1 characterizationGaAsStudied MaterialExpand
Experimental absorption spectrum dataset for potassium chloride used to demonstrate Bayesian Kramers-Kronig estimation.1 characterizationKClStudied MaterialExpand
Experimental absorption spectrum dataset for transparent wood used to demonstrate Bayesian Kramers-Kronig estimation.1 characterizationTransparent woodStudied MaterialExpand