Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Krishangi Krishna; Jieliyue Sun; Wenyu Liu; Robert H. Hurt; Kimani C. Toussaint Jr.

doi:10.1002/adpr.202500003

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Krishangi Krishna, Jieliyue Sun, Wenyu Liu, Robert H. Hurt et al.

2025·10.1002/adpr.202500003·arXiv:2501.07684

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Krishangi Krishna, Jieliyue Sun, Wenyu Liu, Robert H. Hurt et al.

2025·10.1002/adpr.202500003·arXiv:2501.07684

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Krishangi Krishna, Jieliyue Sun, Wenyu Liu, Robert H. Hurt et al.

2025·10.1002/adpr.202500003·arXiv:2501.07684

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Krishangi Krishna, Jieliyue Sun, Wenyu Liu, Robert H. Hurt et al.

2025·10.1002/adpr.202500003·arXiv:2501.07684

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Krishangi Krishna, Jieliyue Sun, Wenyu Liu, Robert H. Hurt et al.

2025·10.1002/adpr.202500003·arXiv:2501.07684

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Krishangi Krishna, Jieliyue Sun, Wenyu Liu, Robert H. Hurt et al.

2025·10.1002/adpr.202500003·arXiv:2501.07684

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Krishangi Krishna, Jieliyue Sun, Wenyu Liu, Robert H. Hurt et al.

2025·10.1002/adpr.202500003·arXiv:2501.07684

Research paper

Experimental Characterization

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Krishangi Krishna, Jieliyue Sun, Wenyu Liu, Robert H. Hurt et al.

2025·10.1002/adpr.202500003·arXiv:2501.07684

Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielectric microspheres arranged in a 3x3 grid.

1 characterization4 properties2 figures

ExperimentalSiO₂Studied Material(C₈H₈)nStudied Material

Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres spelling the word BROWN.

1 characterization2 properties1 figure

ExperimentalSiO₂Studied Material

Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm silica beads with a 5 μm polystyrene bead positioned above and immobilized.

1 characterization4 properties1 figure

ExperimentalSiO₂Studied Material(C₈H₈)nStudied Material

Three-layered structure assembled from 1 μm fluorescent Nile Red particles.

1 characterization1 property1 figure

ExperimentalNile RedStudied Material

Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipulated and immobilized in DI water and photoresist; patterned 3x3 arrays of ~500 nm flakes.

1 characterization5 properties1 figure

ExperimentalCStudied Material

Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, stored under nitrogen and manipulated prior to oxidation.

1 characterization2 properties

ExperimentalMoS₂Studied Material

Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielectric microspheres arranged in a 3x3 grid.

1 characterization4 properties2 figures

ExperimentalSiO₂Studied Material(C₈H₈)nStudied Material

Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres spelling the word BROWN.

1 characterization2 properties1 figure

ExperimentalSiO₂Studied Material

Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm silica beads with a 5 μm polystyrene bead positioned above and immobilized.

1 characterization4 properties1 figure

ExperimentalSiO₂Studied Material(C₈H₈)nStudied Material

Three-layered structure assembled from 1 μm fluorescent Nile Red particles.

1 characterization1 property1 figure

ExperimentalNile RedStudied Material

Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipulated and immobilized in DI water and photoresist; patterned 3x3 arrays of ~500 nm flakes.

1 characterization5 properties1 figure

ExperimentalCStudied Material

Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, stored under nitrogen and manipulated prior to oxidation.

1 characterization2 properties

ExperimentalMoS₂Studied Material

Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielectric microspheres arranged in a 3x3 grid.

1 characterization4 properties2 figures

ExperimentalSiO₂Studied Material(C₈H₈)nStudied Material

Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres spelling the word BROWN.

1 characterization2 properties1 figure

ExperimentalSiO₂Studied Material

Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm silica beads with a 5 μm polystyrene bead positioned above and immobilized.

1 characterization4 properties1 figure

ExperimentalSiO₂Studied Material(C₈H₈)nStudied Material

Three-layered structure assembled from 1 μm fluorescent Nile Red particles.

1 characterization1 property1 figure

ExperimentalNile RedStudied Material

Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipulated and immobilized in DI water and photoresist; patterned 3x3 arrays of ~500 nm flakes.

1 characterization5 properties1 figure

ExperimentalCStudied Material

Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, stored under nitrogen and manipulated prior to oxidation.

1 characterization2 properties

ExperimentalMoS₂Studied Material

Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielectric microspheres arranged in a 3x3 grid.

1 characterization4 properties2 figures

ExperimentalSiO₂Studied Material(C₈H₈)nStudied Material

Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres spelling the word BROWN.

1 characterization2 properties1 figure

ExperimentalSiO₂Studied Material

Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm silica beads with a 5 μm polystyrene bead positioned above and immobilized.

1 characterization4 properties1 figure

ExperimentalSiO₂Studied Material(C₈H₈)nStudied Material

Three-layered structure assembled from 1 μm fluorescent Nile Red particles.

1 characterization1 property1 figure

ExperimentalNile RedStudied Material

Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipulated and immobilized in DI water and photoresist; patterned 3x3 arrays of ~500 nm flakes.

1 characterization5 properties1 figure

ExperimentalCStudied Material

Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, stored under nitrogen and manipulated prior to oxidation.

1 characterization2 properties

ExperimentalMoS₂Studied Material

Type	Label	Value	Material	Sample	Source
Particle Diameter	silica microsphere diameter	2um	SiO₂	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Particle Diameter	polystyrene bead diameter	5um	(C₈H₈)n	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Particle Spacing	grid spacing	6um	SiO₂ (C₈H₈)n	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec	—
Particle Height Offset	polystyrene bead above silica grid	7um	(C₈H₈)n SiO₂	Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Laser Power	threshold average power	25mW	SiO₂ (C₈H₈)n	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Laser Power	average tweezing power in DI water	300uW	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Laser Power	average tweezing power in photoresist	50mW	C photoresist	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Size	graphene lateral dimension	2um	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Size	graphene lateral dimension	500nm	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Spacing	array spacing	1um	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Diameter	Nile Red particle diameter	1um	Nile Red	Three-layered structure assembled from 1 μm fluorescent Nile	—
Phase Fraction	phase composition	majority 1T	MoS₂	Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, st	—
Oxidation Susceptibility	stability note	susceptible to air oxidation	MoS₂	Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, st	—

Type	Label	Value	Material	Sample	Source
Particle Diameter	silica microsphere diameter	2um	SiO₂	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Particle Diameter	polystyrene bead diameter	5um	(C₈H₈)n	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Particle Spacing	grid spacing	6um	SiO₂ (C₈H₈)n	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec	—
Particle Height Offset	polystyrene bead above silica grid	7um	(C₈H₈)n SiO₂	Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Laser Power	threshold average power	25mW	SiO₂ (C₈H₈)n	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Laser Power	average tweezing power in DI water	300uW	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Laser Power	average tweezing power in photoresist	50mW	C photoresist	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Size	graphene lateral dimension	2um	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Size	graphene lateral dimension	500nm	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Spacing	array spacing	1um	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Diameter	Nile Red particle diameter	1um	Nile Red	Three-layered structure assembled from 1 μm fluorescent Nile	—
Phase Fraction	phase composition	majority 1T	MoS₂	Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, st	—
Oxidation Susceptibility	stability note	susceptible to air oxidation	MoS₂	Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, st	—

Type	Label	Value	Material	Sample	Source
Particle Diameter	silica microsphere diameter	2um	SiO₂	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Particle Diameter	polystyrene bead diameter	5um	(C₈H₈)n	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Particle Spacing	grid spacing	6um	SiO₂ (C₈H₈)n	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec	—
Particle Height Offset	polystyrene bead above silica grid	7um	(C₈H₈)n SiO₂	Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Laser Power	threshold average power	25mW	SiO₂ (C₈H₈)n	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Laser Power	average tweezing power in DI water	300uW	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Laser Power	average tweezing power in photoresist	50mW	C photoresist	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Size	graphene lateral dimension	2um	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Size	graphene lateral dimension	500nm	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Spacing	array spacing	1um	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Diameter	Nile Red particle diameter	1um	Nile Red	Three-layered structure assembled from 1 μm fluorescent Nile	—
Phase Fraction	phase composition	majority 1T	MoS₂	Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, st	—
Oxidation Susceptibility	stability note	susceptible to air oxidation	MoS₂	Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, st	—

Type	Label	Value	Material	Sample	Source
Particle Diameter	silica microsphere diameter	2um	SiO₂	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Particle Diameter	polystyrene bead diameter	5um	(C₈H₈)n	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Particle Spacing	grid spacing	6um	SiO₂ (C₈H₈)n	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec	—
Particle Height Offset	polystyrene bead above silica grid	7um	(C₈H₈)n SiO₂	Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Laser Power	threshold average power	25mW	SiO₂ (C₈H₈)n	Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielec Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm	—
Laser Power	average tweezing power in DI water	300uW	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Laser Power	average tweezing power in photoresist	50mW	C photoresist	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Size	graphene lateral dimension	2um	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Size	graphene lateral dimension	500nm	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Spacing	array spacing	1um	C	Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipula	—
Particle Diameter	Nile Red particle diameter	1um	Nile Red	Three-layered structure assembled from 1 μm fluorescent Nile	—
Phase Fraction	phase composition	majority 1T	MoS₂	Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, st	—
Oxidation Susceptibility	stability note	susceptible to air oxidation	MoS₂	Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, st	—

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Harnessing ultrafast optical pulses for 3D microfabrication by selective tweezing and immobilization of colloidal particles in an integrated system

Samples

Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielectric microspheres arranged in a 3x3 grid.

Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres spelling the word BROWN.

Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm silica beads with a 5 μm polystyrene bead positioned above and immobilized.

Three-layered structure assembled from 1 μm fluorescent Nile Red particles.

Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipulated and immobilized in DI water and photoresist; patterned 3x3 arrays of ~500 nm flakes.

Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, stored under nitrogen and manipulated prior to oxidation.

Materials

Characterization

Properties

Why these are connected

Samples

Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielectric microspheres arranged in a 3x3 grid.

Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres spelling the word BROWN.

Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm silica beads with a 5 μm polystyrene bead positioned above and immobilized.

Three-layered structure assembled from 1 μm fluorescent Nile Red particles.

Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipulated and immobilized in DI water and photoresist; patterned 3x3 arrays of ~500 nm flakes.

Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, stored under nitrogen and manipulated prior to oxidation.

Materials

Characterization

Properties

Why these are connected

Samples

Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielectric microspheres arranged in a 3x3 grid.

Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres spelling the word BROWN.

Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm silica beads with a 5 μm polystyrene bead positioned above and immobilized.

Three-layered structure assembled from 1 μm fluorescent Nile Red particles.

Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipulated and immobilized in DI water and photoresist; patterned 3x3 arrays of ~500 nm flakes.

Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, stored under nitrogen and manipulated prior to oxidation.

Materials

Characterization

Properties

Why these are connected

Samples

Two-dimensional assembly of alternating 2 μm and 5 μm dielectric microspheres arranged in a 3x3 grid.

Arbitrary 2D pattern assembled from 2 μm silica microspheres spelling the word BROWN.

Three-dimensional structure consisting of a 3x3 grid of 2 μm silica beads with a 5 μm polystyrene bead positioned above and immobilized.

Three-layered structure assembled from 1 μm fluorescent Nile Red particles.

Surfactant-stabilized few-layer graphene nanosheets manipulated and immobilized in DI water and photoresist; patterned 3x3 arrays of ~500 nm flakes.

Chemically exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets, majority 1T phase, stored under nitrogen and manipulated prior to oxidation.

Materials

Characterization

Properties

Why these are connected