Patent
US 11,572,280ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN PRODUCTION OF GRAPHENE SUSPENSIONS
Hao-Hsun Chang, Aruna Zhamu, Bor Z. Jang
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 11,572,280Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG.1 A flow chart showing the most commonly used prior art process of producing highly oxidized NGPs that entails tedious chemical oxidation/intercalation, …
FIG.2 A flow chart showing the presently invented two-step process for producing graphene suspensions.
FIG.3 A flow chart showing the presently invented process for producing isolated graphene sheets via a continuous ball mill.
FIG.4(A) Transmission electron micrograph of graphene sheets produced by conventional Hummer's route (much smaller graphene sheets, but comparable thickness).
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of producing a graphene suspension comprising isolated graphene sheets dispersed in a liquid medium, said method comprising: (a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material and multiple particles of a solid carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; (b) operating said energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from said graphitic material and transferring said graphene sheets to surfaces of said solid carrier material particles to produce graphene-coated solid carrier particles inside said impacting chamber; and (c) dispersing said graphene-coated solid carrier particles in said liquid medium in a solvent and separating said graphene sheets from said solid carrier material particles using mechanical shearing means and removing said solid carrier material from said liquid medium to produce said graphene suspension, wherein said mechanical shearing means comprises operating a rotatory blade mixer, or reverse-blade mixer. Currently amended
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (a) further comprises adding an oxidizing liquid in said mixture so that said oxidizing liquid acts to partially oxidize said graphene sheets to produce graphene oxide during step (b). Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (c) comprises exposing said graphene sheets to an oxidizing medium, before, during or after the graphene sheets are separated from said solid carrier material particle surfaces, wherein said oxidizing medium is selected from an oxidizing gas or vapor, an oxidizing plasma, or an oxidizing liquid. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid carrier material is selected from solid particles of an organic, polymeric, metal, glass, ceramic, or inorganic material. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid carrier material includes plastic beads, plastic pellets, wax pellets, polymer powder or polymer reactor spheres, glass beads or fibers, metal particles or wires, metal oxide particles, ceramic particles, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (c) comprises oxidizing said graphene sheets on said solid carrier material particle surfaces in an oxidizing liquid medium while being submitted to ultrasonication or mechanical shearing. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphitic material is selected from natural graphite, synthetic graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, graphite fiber, graphitic nanofiber, graphite fluoride, oxidized graphite, chemically modified graphite, exfoliated graphite, recompressed exfoliated graphite, expanded graphite, mesocarbon microbead, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein the energy impacting apparatus is a vibratory ball mill, planetary ball mill, high energy mill, basket mill, agitator ball mill, continuous ball mill, stirred ball mill, pressurized ball mill, freezer mill, vibratory sieve, ultrasonic homogenizer mill, or resonant acoustic mixer. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said graphitic material contains a non- intercalated and nonoxidized graphitic material that has never been previously exposed to a chemical or oxidation treatment prior to said mixing step. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said graphitic material contains previously fluorinated, chlorinated, brominated, iodized, nitrogenated, or hydrogenated graphite or carbon material and the graphene suspension contains graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, nitrogenated graphene, or hydrogenated graphene. Previously presented
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene sheets contain single-layer graphene oxide sheets. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene sheets contain at least 80% single- layer graphene oxide or at least 80% few-layer graphene having no greater than 10 graphene planes. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (a) further comprises adding a chemical functionalizing agent to said mixture to functionalize said graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said procedure of operating said energy impacting apparatus is conducted in a continuous manner using a continuous energy impacting device. Original
A method of producing a graphene suspension comprising isolated graphene sheets dispersed in a liquid medium, said method comprising: (a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material and multiple particles of a solid carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; (b) operating said energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from said graphitic material and transferring said graphene sheets to surfaces of said solid carrier material particles to produce graphene-coated solid carrier particles inside said impacting chamber; and (c) dispersing said graphene-coated solid carrier particles in said liquid medium and separating said graphene sheets from said solid carrier material particles using mechanical shearing means and removing said solid carrier material from said liquid medium to produce said graphene suspension, wherein said mechanical shearing means comprises operating a rotatory blade mixer, or reverse-blade mixer, wherein step (a) further comprises adding a plurality of impacting balls or media to the impacting chamber of said energy impacting apparatus and said step (c) further comprises removing said impacting balls or media from said liquid medium. Currently amended
Canceled
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphitic material
solid carrier material
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG.4(A) Transmission electron micrograph of graphene sheets produced by conventional Hummer's route (much smaller graphene sheets, but comparable thickness).
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 1–20 mm | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 11,572,280Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG.1 A flow chart showing the most commonly used prior art process of producing highly oxidized NGPs that entails tedious chemical oxidation/intercalation, …
FIG.2 A flow chart showing the presently invented two-step process for producing graphene suspensions.
FIG.3 A flow chart showing the presently invented process for producing isolated graphene sheets via a continuous ball mill.
FIG.4(A) Transmission electron micrograph of graphene sheets produced by conventional Hummer's route (much smaller graphene sheets, but comparable thickness).
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of producing a graphene suspension comprising isolated graphene sheets dispersed in a liquid medium, said method comprising: (a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material and multiple particles of a solid carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; (b) operating said energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from said graphitic material and transferring said graphene sheets to surfaces of said solid carrier material particles to produce graphene-coated solid carrier particles inside said impacting chamber; and (c) dispersing said graphene-coated solid carrier particles in said liquid medium in a solvent and separating said graphene sheets from said solid carrier material particles using mechanical shearing means and removing said solid carrier material from said liquid medium to produce said graphene suspension, wherein said mechanical shearing means comprises operating a rotatory blade mixer, or reverse-blade mixer. Currently amended
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (a) further comprises adding an oxidizing liquid in said mixture so that said oxidizing liquid acts to partially oxidize said graphene sheets to produce graphene oxide during step (b). Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (c) comprises exposing said graphene sheets to an oxidizing medium, before, during or after the graphene sheets are separated from said solid carrier material particle surfaces, wherein said oxidizing medium is selected from an oxidizing gas or vapor, an oxidizing plasma, or an oxidizing liquid. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid carrier material is selected from solid particles of an organic, polymeric, metal, glass, ceramic, or inorganic material. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid carrier material includes plastic beads, plastic pellets, wax pellets, polymer powder or polymer reactor spheres, glass beads or fibers, metal particles or wires, metal oxide particles, ceramic particles, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (c) comprises oxidizing said graphene sheets on said solid carrier material particle surfaces in an oxidizing liquid medium while being submitted to ultrasonication or mechanical shearing. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphitic material is selected from natural graphite, synthetic graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, graphite fiber, graphitic nanofiber, graphite fluoride, oxidized graphite, chemically modified graphite, exfoliated graphite, recompressed exfoliated graphite, expanded graphite, mesocarbon microbead, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein the energy impacting apparatus is a vibratory ball mill, planetary ball mill, high energy mill, basket mill, agitator ball mill, continuous ball mill, stirred ball mill, pressurized ball mill, freezer mill, vibratory sieve, ultrasonic homogenizer mill, or resonant acoustic mixer. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said graphitic material contains a non- intercalated and nonoxidized graphitic material that has never been previously exposed to a chemical or oxidation treatment prior to said mixing step. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said graphitic material contains previously fluorinated, chlorinated, brominated, iodized, nitrogenated, or hydrogenated graphite or carbon material and the graphene suspension contains graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, nitrogenated graphene, or hydrogenated graphene. Previously presented
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene sheets contain single-layer graphene oxide sheets. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene sheets contain at least 80% single- layer graphene oxide or at least 80% few-layer graphene having no greater than 10 graphene planes. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (a) further comprises adding a chemical functionalizing agent to said mixture to functionalize said graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said procedure of operating said energy impacting apparatus is conducted in a continuous manner using a continuous energy impacting device. Original
A method of producing a graphene suspension comprising isolated graphene sheets dispersed in a liquid medium, said method comprising: (a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material and multiple particles of a solid carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; (b) operating said energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from said graphitic material and transferring said graphene sheets to surfaces of said solid carrier material particles to produce graphene-coated solid carrier particles inside said impacting chamber; and (c) dispersing said graphene-coated solid carrier particles in said liquid medium and separating said graphene sheets from said solid carrier material particles using mechanical shearing means and removing said solid carrier material from said liquid medium to produce said graphene suspension, wherein said mechanical shearing means comprises operating a rotatory blade mixer, or reverse-blade mixer, wherein step (a) further comprises adding a plurality of impacting balls or media to the impacting chamber of said energy impacting apparatus and said step (c) further comprises removing said impacting balls or media from said liquid medium. Currently amended
Canceled
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphitic material
solid carrier material
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG.4(A) Transmission electron micrograph of graphene sheets produced by conventional Hummer's route (much smaller graphene sheets, but comparable thickness).
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 1–20 mm | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 11,572,280Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG.1 A flow chart showing the most commonly used prior art process of producing highly oxidized NGPs that entails tedious chemical oxidation/intercalation, …
FIG.2 A flow chart showing the presently invented two-step process for producing graphene suspensions.
FIG.3 A flow chart showing the presently invented process for producing isolated graphene sheets via a continuous ball mill.
FIG.4(A) Transmission electron micrograph of graphene sheets produced by conventional Hummer's route (much smaller graphene sheets, but comparable thickness).
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of producing a graphene suspension comprising isolated graphene sheets dispersed in a liquid medium, said method comprising: (a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material and multiple particles of a solid carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; (b) operating said energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from said graphitic material and transferring said graphene sheets to surfaces of said solid carrier material particles to produce graphene-coated solid carrier particles inside said impacting chamber; and (c) dispersing said graphene-coated solid carrier particles in said liquid medium in a solvent and separating said graphene sheets from said solid carrier material particles using mechanical shearing means and removing said solid carrier material from said liquid medium to produce said graphene suspension, wherein said mechanical shearing means comprises operating a rotatory blade mixer, or reverse-blade mixer. Currently amended
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (a) further comprises adding an oxidizing liquid in said mixture so that said oxidizing liquid acts to partially oxidize said graphene sheets to produce graphene oxide during step (b). Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (c) comprises exposing said graphene sheets to an oxidizing medium, before, during or after the graphene sheets are separated from said solid carrier material particle surfaces, wherein said oxidizing medium is selected from an oxidizing gas or vapor, an oxidizing plasma, or an oxidizing liquid. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid carrier material is selected from solid particles of an organic, polymeric, metal, glass, ceramic, or inorganic material. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid carrier material includes plastic beads, plastic pellets, wax pellets, polymer powder or polymer reactor spheres, glass beads or fibers, metal particles or wires, metal oxide particles, ceramic particles, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (c) comprises oxidizing said graphene sheets on said solid carrier material particle surfaces in an oxidizing liquid medium while being submitted to ultrasonication or mechanical shearing. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphitic material is selected from natural graphite, synthetic graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, graphite fiber, graphitic nanofiber, graphite fluoride, oxidized graphite, chemically modified graphite, exfoliated graphite, recompressed exfoliated graphite, expanded graphite, mesocarbon microbead, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein the energy impacting apparatus is a vibratory ball mill, planetary ball mill, high energy mill, basket mill, agitator ball mill, continuous ball mill, stirred ball mill, pressurized ball mill, freezer mill, vibratory sieve, ultrasonic homogenizer mill, or resonant acoustic mixer. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said graphitic material contains a non- intercalated and nonoxidized graphitic material that has never been previously exposed to a chemical or oxidation treatment prior to said mixing step. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said graphitic material contains previously fluorinated, chlorinated, brominated, iodized, nitrogenated, or hydrogenated graphite or carbon material and the graphene suspension contains graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, nitrogenated graphene, or hydrogenated graphene. Previously presented
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene sheets contain single-layer graphene oxide sheets. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene sheets contain at least 80% single- layer graphene oxide or at least 80% few-layer graphene having no greater than 10 graphene planes. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (a) further comprises adding a chemical functionalizing agent to said mixture to functionalize said graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said procedure of operating said energy impacting apparatus is conducted in a continuous manner using a continuous energy impacting device. Original
A method of producing a graphene suspension comprising isolated graphene sheets dispersed in a liquid medium, said method comprising: (a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material and multiple particles of a solid carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; (b) operating said energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from said graphitic material and transferring said graphene sheets to surfaces of said solid carrier material particles to produce graphene-coated solid carrier particles inside said impacting chamber; and (c) dispersing said graphene-coated solid carrier particles in said liquid medium and separating said graphene sheets from said solid carrier material particles using mechanical shearing means and removing said solid carrier material from said liquid medium to produce said graphene suspension, wherein said mechanical shearing means comprises operating a rotatory blade mixer, or reverse-blade mixer, wherein step (a) further comprises adding a plurality of impacting balls or media to the impacting chamber of said energy impacting apparatus and said step (c) further comprises removing said impacting balls or media from said liquid medium. Currently amended
Canceled
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphitic material
solid carrier material
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG.4(A) Transmission electron micrograph of graphene sheets produced by conventional Hummer's route (much smaller graphene sheets, but comparable thickness).
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 1–20 mm | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 11,572,280Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG.1 A flow chart showing the most commonly used prior art process of producing highly oxidized NGPs that entails tedious chemical oxidation/intercalation, …
FIG.2 A flow chart showing the presently invented two-step process for producing graphene suspensions.
FIG.3 A flow chart showing the presently invented process for producing isolated graphene sheets via a continuous ball mill.
FIG.4(A) Transmission electron micrograph of graphene sheets produced by conventional Hummer's route (much smaller graphene sheets, but comparable thickness).
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of producing a graphene suspension comprising isolated graphene sheets dispersed in a liquid medium, said method comprising: (a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material and multiple particles of a solid carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; (b) operating said energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from said graphitic material and transferring said graphene sheets to surfaces of said solid carrier material particles to produce graphene-coated solid carrier particles inside said impacting chamber; and (c) dispersing said graphene-coated solid carrier particles in said liquid medium in a solvent and separating said graphene sheets from said solid carrier material particles using mechanical shearing means and removing said solid carrier material from said liquid medium to produce said graphene suspension, wherein said mechanical shearing means comprises operating a rotatory blade mixer, or reverse-blade mixer. Currently amended
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (a) further comprises adding an oxidizing liquid in said mixture so that said oxidizing liquid acts to partially oxidize said graphene sheets to produce graphene oxide during step (b). Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (c) comprises exposing said graphene sheets to an oxidizing medium, before, during or after the graphene sheets are separated from said solid carrier material particle surfaces, wherein said oxidizing medium is selected from an oxidizing gas or vapor, an oxidizing plasma, or an oxidizing liquid. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid carrier material is selected from solid particles of an organic, polymeric, metal, glass, ceramic, or inorganic material. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said solid carrier material includes plastic beads, plastic pellets, wax pellets, polymer powder or polymer reactor spheres, glass beads or fibers, metal particles or wires, metal oxide particles, ceramic particles, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (c) comprises oxidizing said graphene sheets on said solid carrier material particle surfaces in an oxidizing liquid medium while being submitted to ultrasonication or mechanical shearing. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphitic material is selected from natural graphite, synthetic graphite, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, graphite fiber, graphitic nanofiber, graphite fluoride, oxidized graphite, chemically modified graphite, exfoliated graphite, recompressed exfoliated graphite, expanded graphite, mesocarbon microbead, or a combination thereof. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein the energy impacting apparatus is a vibratory ball mill, planetary ball mill, high energy mill, basket mill, agitator ball mill, continuous ball mill, stirred ball mill, pressurized ball mill, freezer mill, vibratory sieve, ultrasonic homogenizer mill, or resonant acoustic mixer. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said graphitic material contains a non- intercalated and nonoxidized graphitic material that has never been previously exposed to a chemical or oxidation treatment prior to said mixing step. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said graphitic material contains previously fluorinated, chlorinated, brominated, iodized, nitrogenated, or hydrogenated graphite or carbon material and the graphene suspension contains graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, nitrogenated graphene, or hydrogenated graphene. Previously presented
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene sheets contain single-layer graphene oxide sheets. Original
The method of claim 1 wherein said graphene sheets contain at least 80% single- layer graphene oxide or at least 80% few-layer graphene having no greater than 10 graphene planes. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said step (a) further comprises adding a chemical functionalizing agent to said mixture to functionalize said graphene sheets. Original
The method of claim 1, wherein said procedure of operating said energy impacting apparatus is conducted in a continuous manner using a continuous energy impacting device. Original
A method of producing a graphene suspension comprising isolated graphene sheets dispersed in a liquid medium, said method comprising: (a) mixing multiple particles of a graphitic material and multiple particles of a solid carrier material to form a mixture in an impacting chamber of an energy impacting apparatus; (b) operating said energy impacting apparatus with a frequency and an intensity for a length of time sufficient for peeling off graphene sheets from said graphitic material and transferring said graphene sheets to surfaces of said solid carrier material particles to produce graphene-coated solid carrier particles inside said impacting chamber; and (c) dispersing said graphene-coated solid carrier particles in said liquid medium and separating said graphene sheets from said solid carrier material particles using mechanical shearing means and removing said solid carrier material from said liquid medium to produce said graphene suspension, wherein said mechanical shearing means comprises operating a rotatory blade mixer, or reverse-blade mixer, wherein step (a) further comprises adding a plurality of impacting balls or media to the impacting chamber of said energy impacting apparatus and said step (c) further comprises removing said impacting balls or media from said liquid medium. Currently amended
Canceled
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphitic material
solid carrier material
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG.4(A) Transmission electron micrograph of graphene sheets produced by conventional Hummer's route (much smaller graphene sheets, but comparable thickness).
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 1–20 mm | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
graphene sheets (few-layer graphene)
graphene oxide
oxidizing liquid
halogenated/nitrogenated/hydrogenated graphene
FIG.4(A) Transmission electron micrograph of graphene sheets produced by conventional Hummer's route (much smaller graphene sheets, but comparable thickness).
| — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 5–120 hours | — |
Temperature | 800–1100 °C | — |
Temperature | 950–1050 °C | — |
Duration | 0.1 sec | — |
Duration | ≥ 0.1 sec | — |
graphene sheets (few-layer graphene)
graphene oxide
oxidizing liquid
halogenated/nitrogenated/hydrogenated graphene
FIG.4(A) Transmission electron micrograph of graphene sheets produced by conventional Hummer's route (much smaller graphene sheets, but comparable thickness).
| — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 5–120 hours | — |
Temperature | 800–1100 °C | — |
Temperature | 950–1050 °C | — |
Duration | 0.1 sec | — |
Duration | ≥ 0.1 sec | — |
graphene sheets (few-layer graphene)
graphene oxide
oxidizing liquid
halogenated/nitrogenated/hydrogenated graphene
FIG.4(A) Transmission electron micrograph of graphene sheets produced by conventional Hummer's route (much smaller graphene sheets, but comparable thickness).
| — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 5–120 hours | — |
Temperature | 800–1100 °C | — |
Temperature | 950–1050 °C | — |
Duration | 0.1 sec | — |
Duration | ≥ 0.1 sec | — |
graphene sheets (few-layer graphene)
graphene oxide
oxidizing liquid
halogenated/nitrogenated/hydrogenated graphene
FIG.4(A) Transmission electron micrograph of graphene sheets produced by conventional Hummer's route (much smaller graphene sheets, but comparable thickness).
| — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 5–120 hours | — |
Temperature | 800–1100 °C | — |
Temperature | 950–1050 °C | — |
Duration | 0.1 sec | — |
Duration | ≥ 0.1 sec | — |