Patent
US 10,714,272GRAPHENE FRAMEWORKS FOR SUPERCAPACITORS
Xiangfeng DUAN, Yu HUANG, Benjamin PAPANDREA, Xu Xu
The Regents of the University of California·US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,714,272Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 C show Ragone plots of device-level gravimetric/volumetric energy density versus power density for three dimensional graphene frameworks and …
FIG. 2B show schematic illustrations of a compressed and an uncompressed holey three dimensional graphene framework and the solvated three dimensional …
FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of a holey graphene ink being deposited on a current collector. [00148]
FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of a holey three dimensional graphene framework with nanopores whose size allows for the passage of lithium ions while …
FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of the structure of, and the sulfur particles encapsulated within, a freestanding composite of a three dimensional …
FIG. 6 shows exemplary photographs of aqueous dispersions of a graphene oxide, a holey graphene oxide, and a conjugated holey graphene hydrogel. [00151]
FIG. 7 shows exemplary photographs of solutions of graphene oxide, graphene oxide with Na 2 S 2 0 3 and HC l, and a reduced graphene oxide in ascorbic acid. …
FIG. 8B show exemplary photographs that demonstrate the size difference between a coin cell and a pouch cell. [00153]
FIG. 9 shows exemplary SEM images of the interior microstructures of an uncompressed and a compressed holey three dimensional graphene framework (H₃DGF), and …
FIG. 10 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Nb 2 O 5 composite. [00155]
FIG. 11 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Si composite with high mass loading. [00156]
FIG. 12B show exemplary cross-sectional SEM images of the porous interconnected framework of a 3DGF-S composite, and the 1- p m sulfur particles within. [00157]
FIG. 13 shows exemplary low-magnification TEM images of sulfur particles encapsulated in a 3DGF-S composite electrode, and multiple frames of the movement of …
FIG. 14 shows exemplary low and high magnification SEM images of an exemplary 3DGF-S. [00159]
FIG. 15 shows exemplary galvanostatic testing results of a H₃DGF-S composite. [00160]
FIG. 16 shows exemplary X-ray diffraction results of pure sulfur, graphene oxide/sulfur and 3DGF-S with a sulfur content of about 90 % (3 D GF-S). [00161]
FIG. 17 shows exemplary thermographic test results of H₃DGF-S composites with different sulfur loading percentages. [00162]
FIG. 18E show exemplary charge and discharge profiles of the 1 St, 20th and 50th cycle s o f 3DGF- S 90, the cycling performance of 3DGF- S70, 80, 90, and 95 at …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An electrode comprising a holey 3D graphene framework, comprising: a) an interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein nanopores are formed within the holey graphene sheets; and b) a capacitive or pseudo-capacitive material comprising sulfur particles, wherein the sulfur particles are encapsulated within the interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein the encapsulation inhibits polysulfide shuttling; wherein the electrode has a sulfur content of at least 60% by weight or mass of a total weight or mass of the electrode. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, further comprising a current collector. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a specific surface area of about 450 m 2/g to about 1,800 m 2/g. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a loading ratio of about 30 % to about 99 %. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a cycle lifetime of about 500 cycles to about 2,000,000 cycles. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a specific capacity at a C-rate of about 0.1 of about 480 mAh/g to about 1,940 mAh/g. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a porosity of about 90% to about 99%. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the nanopores have a pore diameter of about 1 nm to about 1,000 nm. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the holey graphene sheets of the interconnected conductive network are conjugated and interlocked together to form a monolithic mechanically strong three-dimensional network. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the nanopores are configured to allow lithium ion transport through the nanopores while inhibiting polysulfide shuttling. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the sulfur particles have a size of about 10 nm to about 100 m. Previously presented
Canceled
Canceled
An energy storage device comprising: a) a first electrode and a second electrode; and b) an electrolyte; wherein at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode comprises a holey 3D graphene framework, wherein the holey 3D graphene framework comprises an interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein nanopores are formed within the holey graphene sheets; wherein the at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode further comprises a capacitive or pseudo-capacitive material comprising sulfur particles, wherein the sulfur particles are encapsulated within the interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein the encapsulation inhibits polysulfide shuttling; and wherein the at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode has a sulfur content of at least 60% by weight or mass of a total weight or mass of the electrode. Currently amended
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the electrolyte is a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate, iodomethane, dimethyl sulfate, dimethyl carbonate, tetramethylammonium chloride, methyl triflate, diazomethane, methyl fluorosulfonate ethyl acetate, acetone, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, nitromethane, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide, 1-2 dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dioxolane, lithium nitrate, or any combination thereof. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has a stack-specific energy density of about 16 Wh/kg to about 750 Wh/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has a stack-specific power density of about 0.5 kW/kg to about 8 kW/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has an electrode-specific gravimetric energy density of about 16 Wh/kg to about 750 Wh/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has an electrode-specific gravimetric power density of about 0.5 kW/kg to about 18 kW/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has a total capacitance of about 50 F to about 1000 F. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the nanopores have a pore diameter of about 1 nm to about 1,000 nm. Previously presented
The ener g y storage device of claim 11, wherein the holey graphene sheets of the interconnected conductive network are conjugated and interlocked together to form a monolithic mechanically strong three-dimensional network. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the nanopores are configured to allow lithium ion transport through the nanopores while inhibiting polysulfide shuttling. Previously presented
Canceled
19-37. Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
The energy storage device of claim I1, wherein the sulfur particles have a size of about 10 nm to about 100 m. Previously presented
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
electrode with holey 3D graphene framework and sulfur
energy storage device (lithium-sulfur type) with holey 3D graphene framework electrode
Materials described outside the worked examples.
holey graphene sheets
sulfur particles
S
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 1 C show Ragone plots of device-level gravimetric/volumetric energy density versus power density for three dimensional graphene frameworks and …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
electrode specific surface area (claimed range) | 450–1800 m2/g | — |
electrode porosity (claimed range) | 90–99 % | — |
electrode specific capacity at C-rate 0.1 (claimed range) |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,714,272Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 C show Ragone plots of device-level gravimetric/volumetric energy density versus power density for three dimensional graphene frameworks and …
FIG. 2B show schematic illustrations of a compressed and an uncompressed holey three dimensional graphene framework and the solvated three dimensional …
FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of a holey graphene ink being deposited on a current collector. [00148]
FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of a holey three dimensional graphene framework with nanopores whose size allows for the passage of lithium ions while …
FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of the structure of, and the sulfur particles encapsulated within, a freestanding composite of a three dimensional …
FIG. 6 shows exemplary photographs of aqueous dispersions of a graphene oxide, a holey graphene oxide, and a conjugated holey graphene hydrogel. [00151]
FIG. 7 shows exemplary photographs of solutions of graphene oxide, graphene oxide with Na 2 S 2 0 3 and HC l, and a reduced graphene oxide in ascorbic acid. …
FIG. 8B show exemplary photographs that demonstrate the size difference between a coin cell and a pouch cell. [00153]
FIG. 9 shows exemplary SEM images of the interior microstructures of an uncompressed and a compressed holey three dimensional graphene framework (H₃DGF), and …
FIG. 10 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Nb 2 O 5 composite. [00155]
FIG. 11 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Si composite with high mass loading. [00156]
FIG. 12B show exemplary cross-sectional SEM images of the porous interconnected framework of a 3DGF-S composite, and the 1- p m sulfur particles within. [00157]
FIG. 13 shows exemplary low-magnification TEM images of sulfur particles encapsulated in a 3DGF-S composite electrode, and multiple frames of the movement of …
FIG. 14 shows exemplary low and high magnification SEM images of an exemplary 3DGF-S. [00159]
FIG. 15 shows exemplary galvanostatic testing results of a H₃DGF-S composite. [00160]
FIG. 16 shows exemplary X-ray diffraction results of pure sulfur, graphene oxide/sulfur and 3DGF-S with a sulfur content of about 90 % (3 D GF-S). [00161]
FIG. 17 shows exemplary thermographic test results of H₃DGF-S composites with different sulfur loading percentages. [00162]
FIG. 18E show exemplary charge and discharge profiles of the 1 St, 20th and 50th cycle s o f 3DGF- S 90, the cycling performance of 3DGF- S70, 80, 90, and 95 at …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An electrode comprising a holey 3D graphene framework, comprising: a) an interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein nanopores are formed within the holey graphene sheets; and b) a capacitive or pseudo-capacitive material comprising sulfur particles, wherein the sulfur particles are encapsulated within the interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein the encapsulation inhibits polysulfide shuttling; wherein the electrode has a sulfur content of at least 60% by weight or mass of a total weight or mass of the electrode. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, further comprising a current collector. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a specific surface area of about 450 m 2/g to about 1,800 m 2/g. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a loading ratio of about 30 % to about 99 %. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a cycle lifetime of about 500 cycles to about 2,000,000 cycles. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a specific capacity at a C-rate of about 0.1 of about 480 mAh/g to about 1,940 mAh/g. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a porosity of about 90% to about 99%. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the nanopores have a pore diameter of about 1 nm to about 1,000 nm. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the holey graphene sheets of the interconnected conductive network are conjugated and interlocked together to form a monolithic mechanically strong three-dimensional network. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the nanopores are configured to allow lithium ion transport through the nanopores while inhibiting polysulfide shuttling. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the sulfur particles have a size of about 10 nm to about 100 m. Previously presented
Canceled
Canceled
An energy storage device comprising: a) a first electrode and a second electrode; and b) an electrolyte; wherein at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode comprises a holey 3D graphene framework, wherein the holey 3D graphene framework comprises an interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein nanopores are formed within the holey graphene sheets; wherein the at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode further comprises a capacitive or pseudo-capacitive material comprising sulfur particles, wherein the sulfur particles are encapsulated within the interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein the encapsulation inhibits polysulfide shuttling; and wherein the at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode has a sulfur content of at least 60% by weight or mass of a total weight or mass of the electrode. Currently amended
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the electrolyte is a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate, iodomethane, dimethyl sulfate, dimethyl carbonate, tetramethylammonium chloride, methyl triflate, diazomethane, methyl fluorosulfonate ethyl acetate, acetone, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, nitromethane, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide, 1-2 dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dioxolane, lithium nitrate, or any combination thereof. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has a stack-specific energy density of about 16 Wh/kg to about 750 Wh/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has a stack-specific power density of about 0.5 kW/kg to about 8 kW/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has an electrode-specific gravimetric energy density of about 16 Wh/kg to about 750 Wh/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has an electrode-specific gravimetric power density of about 0.5 kW/kg to about 18 kW/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has a total capacitance of about 50 F to about 1000 F. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the nanopores have a pore diameter of about 1 nm to about 1,000 nm. Previously presented
The ener g y storage device of claim 11, wherein the holey graphene sheets of the interconnected conductive network are conjugated and interlocked together to form a monolithic mechanically strong three-dimensional network. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the nanopores are configured to allow lithium ion transport through the nanopores while inhibiting polysulfide shuttling. Previously presented
Canceled
19-37. Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
The energy storage device of claim I1, wherein the sulfur particles have a size of about 10 nm to about 100 m. Previously presented
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
electrode with holey 3D graphene framework and sulfur
energy storage device (lithium-sulfur type) with holey 3D graphene framework electrode
Materials described outside the worked examples.
holey graphene sheets
sulfur particles
S
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 1 C show Ragone plots of device-level gravimetric/volumetric energy density versus power density for three dimensional graphene frameworks and …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
electrode specific surface area (claimed range) | 450–1800 m2/g | — |
electrode porosity (claimed range) | 90–99 % | — |
electrode specific capacity at C-rate 0.1 (claimed range) |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,714,272Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 C show Ragone plots of device-level gravimetric/volumetric energy density versus power density for three dimensional graphene frameworks and …
FIG. 2B show schematic illustrations of a compressed and an uncompressed holey three dimensional graphene framework and the solvated three dimensional …
FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of a holey graphene ink being deposited on a current collector. [00148]
FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of a holey three dimensional graphene framework with nanopores whose size allows for the passage of lithium ions while …
FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of the structure of, and the sulfur particles encapsulated within, a freestanding composite of a three dimensional …
FIG. 6 shows exemplary photographs of aqueous dispersions of a graphene oxide, a holey graphene oxide, and a conjugated holey graphene hydrogel. [00151]
FIG. 7 shows exemplary photographs of solutions of graphene oxide, graphene oxide with Na 2 S 2 0 3 and HC l, and a reduced graphene oxide in ascorbic acid. …
FIG. 8B show exemplary photographs that demonstrate the size difference between a coin cell and a pouch cell. [00153]
FIG. 9 shows exemplary SEM images of the interior microstructures of an uncompressed and a compressed holey three dimensional graphene framework (H₃DGF), and …
FIG. 10 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Nb 2 O 5 composite. [00155]
FIG. 11 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Si composite with high mass loading. [00156]
FIG. 12B show exemplary cross-sectional SEM images of the porous interconnected framework of a 3DGF-S composite, and the 1- p m sulfur particles within. [00157]
FIG. 13 shows exemplary low-magnification TEM images of sulfur particles encapsulated in a 3DGF-S composite electrode, and multiple frames of the movement of …
FIG. 14 shows exemplary low and high magnification SEM images of an exemplary 3DGF-S. [00159]
FIG. 15 shows exemplary galvanostatic testing results of a H₃DGF-S composite. [00160]
FIG. 16 shows exemplary X-ray diffraction results of pure sulfur, graphene oxide/sulfur and 3DGF-S with a sulfur content of about 90 % (3 D GF-S). [00161]
FIG. 17 shows exemplary thermographic test results of H₃DGF-S composites with different sulfur loading percentages. [00162]
FIG. 18E show exemplary charge and discharge profiles of the 1 St, 20th and 50th cycle s o f 3DGF- S 90, the cycling performance of 3DGF- S70, 80, 90, and 95 at …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An electrode comprising a holey 3D graphene framework, comprising: a) an interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein nanopores are formed within the holey graphene sheets; and b) a capacitive or pseudo-capacitive material comprising sulfur particles, wherein the sulfur particles are encapsulated within the interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein the encapsulation inhibits polysulfide shuttling; wherein the electrode has a sulfur content of at least 60% by weight or mass of a total weight or mass of the electrode. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, further comprising a current collector. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a specific surface area of about 450 m 2/g to about 1,800 m 2/g. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a loading ratio of about 30 % to about 99 %. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a cycle lifetime of about 500 cycles to about 2,000,000 cycles. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a specific capacity at a C-rate of about 0.1 of about 480 mAh/g to about 1,940 mAh/g. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a porosity of about 90% to about 99%. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the nanopores have a pore diameter of about 1 nm to about 1,000 nm. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the holey graphene sheets of the interconnected conductive network are conjugated and interlocked together to form a monolithic mechanically strong three-dimensional network. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the nanopores are configured to allow lithium ion transport through the nanopores while inhibiting polysulfide shuttling. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the sulfur particles have a size of about 10 nm to about 100 m. Previously presented
Canceled
Canceled
An energy storage device comprising: a) a first electrode and a second electrode; and b) an electrolyte; wherein at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode comprises a holey 3D graphene framework, wherein the holey 3D graphene framework comprises an interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein nanopores are formed within the holey graphene sheets; wherein the at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode further comprises a capacitive or pseudo-capacitive material comprising sulfur particles, wherein the sulfur particles are encapsulated within the interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein the encapsulation inhibits polysulfide shuttling; and wherein the at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode has a sulfur content of at least 60% by weight or mass of a total weight or mass of the electrode. Currently amended
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the electrolyte is a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate, iodomethane, dimethyl sulfate, dimethyl carbonate, tetramethylammonium chloride, methyl triflate, diazomethane, methyl fluorosulfonate ethyl acetate, acetone, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, nitromethane, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide, 1-2 dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dioxolane, lithium nitrate, or any combination thereof. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has a stack-specific energy density of about 16 Wh/kg to about 750 Wh/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has a stack-specific power density of about 0.5 kW/kg to about 8 kW/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has an electrode-specific gravimetric energy density of about 16 Wh/kg to about 750 Wh/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has an electrode-specific gravimetric power density of about 0.5 kW/kg to about 18 kW/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has a total capacitance of about 50 F to about 1000 F. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the nanopores have a pore diameter of about 1 nm to about 1,000 nm. Previously presented
The ener g y storage device of claim 11, wherein the holey graphene sheets of the interconnected conductive network are conjugated and interlocked together to form a monolithic mechanically strong three-dimensional network. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the nanopores are configured to allow lithium ion transport through the nanopores while inhibiting polysulfide shuttling. Previously presented
Canceled
19-37. Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
The energy storage device of claim I1, wherein the sulfur particles have a size of about 10 nm to about 100 m. Previously presented
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
electrode with holey 3D graphene framework and sulfur
energy storage device (lithium-sulfur type) with holey 3D graphene framework electrode
Materials described outside the worked examples.
holey graphene sheets
sulfur particles
S
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 1 C show Ragone plots of device-level gravimetric/volumetric energy density versus power density for three dimensional graphene frameworks and …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
electrode specific surface area (claimed range) | 450–1800 m2/g | — |
electrode porosity (claimed range) | 90–99 % | — |
electrode specific capacity at C-rate 0.1 (claimed range) |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,714,272Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 C show Ragone plots of device-level gravimetric/volumetric energy density versus power density for three dimensional graphene frameworks and …
FIG. 2B show schematic illustrations of a compressed and an uncompressed holey three dimensional graphene framework and the solvated three dimensional …
FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of a holey graphene ink being deposited on a current collector. [00148]
FIG. 4 shows a schematic illustration of a holey three dimensional graphene framework with nanopores whose size allows for the passage of lithium ions while …
FIG. 5 shows a schematic illustration of the structure of, and the sulfur particles encapsulated within, a freestanding composite of a three dimensional …
FIG. 6 shows exemplary photographs of aqueous dispersions of a graphene oxide, a holey graphene oxide, and a conjugated holey graphene hydrogel. [00151]
FIG. 7 shows exemplary photographs of solutions of graphene oxide, graphene oxide with Na 2 S 2 0 3 and HC l, and a reduced graphene oxide in ascorbic acid. …
FIG. 8B show exemplary photographs that demonstrate the size difference between a coin cell and a pouch cell. [00153]
FIG. 9 shows exemplary SEM images of the interior microstructures of an uncompressed and a compressed holey three dimensional graphene framework (H₃DGF), and …
FIG. 10 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Nb 2 O 5 composite. [00155]
FIG. 11 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Si composite with high mass loading. [00156]
FIG. 12B show exemplary cross-sectional SEM images of the porous interconnected framework of a 3DGF-S composite, and the 1- p m sulfur particles within. [00157]
FIG. 13 shows exemplary low-magnification TEM images of sulfur particles encapsulated in a 3DGF-S composite electrode, and multiple frames of the movement of …
FIG. 14 shows exemplary low and high magnification SEM images of an exemplary 3DGF-S. [00159]
FIG. 15 shows exemplary galvanostatic testing results of a H₃DGF-S composite. [00160]
FIG. 16 shows exemplary X-ray diffraction results of pure sulfur, graphene oxide/sulfur and 3DGF-S with a sulfur content of about 90 % (3 D GF-S). [00161]
FIG. 17 shows exemplary thermographic test results of H₃DGF-S composites with different sulfur loading percentages. [00162]
FIG. 18E show exemplary charge and discharge profiles of the 1 St, 20th and 50th cycle s o f 3DGF- S 90, the cycling performance of 3DGF- S70, 80, 90, and 95 at …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An electrode comprising a holey 3D graphene framework, comprising: a) an interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein nanopores are formed within the holey graphene sheets; and b) a capacitive or pseudo-capacitive material comprising sulfur particles, wherein the sulfur particles are encapsulated within the interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein the encapsulation inhibits polysulfide shuttling; wherein the electrode has a sulfur content of at least 60% by weight or mass of a total weight or mass of the electrode. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, further comprising a current collector. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a specific surface area of about 450 m 2/g to about 1,800 m 2/g. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a loading ratio of about 30 % to about 99 %. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a cycle lifetime of about 500 cycles to about 2,000,000 cycles. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a specific capacity at a C-rate of about 0.1 of about 480 mAh/g to about 1,940 mAh/g. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a porosity of about 90% to about 99%. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the nanopores have a pore diameter of about 1 nm to about 1,000 nm. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the holey graphene sheets of the interconnected conductive network are conjugated and interlocked together to form a monolithic mechanically strong three-dimensional network. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the nanopores are configured to allow lithium ion transport through the nanopores while inhibiting polysulfide shuttling. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the sulfur particles have a size of about 10 nm to about 100 m. Previously presented
Canceled
Canceled
An energy storage device comprising: a) a first electrode and a second electrode; and b) an electrolyte; wherein at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode comprises a holey 3D graphene framework, wherein the holey 3D graphene framework comprises an interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein nanopores are formed within the holey graphene sheets; wherein the at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode further comprises a capacitive or pseudo-capacitive material comprising sulfur particles, wherein the sulfur particles are encapsulated within the interconnected conductive network of holey graphene sheets, wherein the encapsulation inhibits polysulfide shuttling; and wherein the at least one of the first electrode or the second electrode has a sulfur content of at least 60% by weight or mass of a total weight or mass of the electrode. Currently amended
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the electrolyte is a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising lithium hexafluorophosphate, iodomethane, dimethyl sulfate, dimethyl carbonate, tetramethylammonium chloride, methyl triflate, diazomethane, methyl fluorosulfonate ethyl acetate, acetone, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, nitromethane, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide, 1-2 dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dioxolane, lithium nitrate, or any combination thereof. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has a stack-specific energy density of about 16 Wh/kg to about 750 Wh/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has a stack-specific power density of about 0.5 kW/kg to about 8 kW/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has an electrode-specific gravimetric energy density of about 16 Wh/kg to about 750 Wh/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has an electrode-specific gravimetric power density of about 0.5 kW/kg to about 18 kW/kg. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the energy storage device has a total capacitance of about 50 F to about 1000 F. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the nanopores have a pore diameter of about 1 nm to about 1,000 nm. Previously presented
The ener g y storage device of claim 11, wherein the holey graphene sheets of the interconnected conductive network are conjugated and interlocked together to form a monolithic mechanically strong three-dimensional network. Previously presented
The energy storage device of claim 11, wherein the nanopores are configured to allow lithium ion transport through the nanopores while inhibiting polysulfide shuttling. Previously presented
Canceled
19-37. Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
The energy storage device of claim I1, wherein the sulfur particles have a size of about 10 nm to about 100 m. Previously presented
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
electrode with holey 3D graphene framework and sulfur
energy storage device (lithium-sulfur type) with holey 3D graphene framework electrode
Materials described outside the worked examples.
holey graphene sheets
sulfur particles
S
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 1 C show Ragone plots of device-level gravimetric/volumetric energy density versus power density for three dimensional graphene frameworks and …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
electrode specific surface area (claimed range) | 450–1800 m2/g | — |
electrode porosity (claimed range) | 90–99 % | — |
electrode specific capacity at C-rate 0.1 (claimed range) |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
non-aqueous electrolyte
FIG. 9 shows exemplary SEM images of the interior microstructures of an uncompressed and a compressed holey three dimensional graphene framework (H₃DGF), and …
FIG. 10 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Nb 2 O 5 composite. [00155]
FIG. 11 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Si composite with high mass loading. [00156]
FIG. 12B show exemplary cross-sectional SEM images of the porous interconnected framework of a 3DGF-S composite, and the 1- p m sulfur particles within. [00157]
FIG. 13 shows exemplary low-magnification TEM images of sulfur particles encapsulated in a 3DGF-S composite electrode, and multiple frames of the movement of …
FIG. 14 shows exemplary low and high magnification SEM images of an exemplary 3DGF-S. [00159]
FIG. 18E show exemplary charge and discharge profiles of the 1 St, 20th and 50th cycle s o f 3DGF- S 90, the cycling performance of 3DGF- S70, 80, 90, and 95 at …
| 480–1940 mAh/g |
| — |
energy storage device stack-specific energy density (claimed range) | 16–750 Wh/kg | — |
energy storage device stack-specific power density (claimed range) | 0.5–8 kW/kg | — |
energy storage device electrode-specific gravimetric energy density (claimed range) | 16–750 Wh/kg | — |
energy storage device electrode-specific gravimetric power density (claimed range) | 0.5–18 kW/kg | — |
energy storage device total capacitance (claimed range) | 50–1000 F | — |
Thickness | 100–200 mm | — |
Voltage | 1.6–2.6 V | — |
Voltage | ≤ 0.5 V | — |
Thickness | 1–1000 nm | — |
Voltage | 0.25–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.25–0.375 V | — |
Voltage | 0.25–0.5 V | — |
Voltage | 0.25–0.625 V | — |
Voltage | 0.375–0.5 V | — |
Voltage | 0.375–0.625 V | — |
Voltage | 0.375–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–0.625 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.625–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–4 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–0.75 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–2 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–3 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–2 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–3 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–4 V | — |
Voltage | 1–2 V | — |
Voltage | 1–3 V | — |
Voltage | 1–4 V | — |
Voltage | 2–3 V | — |
Voltage | 2–4 V | — |
Voltage | 3–4 V | — |
Duration | 12–48 hours | — |
Duration | 12–18 hours | — |
Duration | 12–24 hours | — |
Duration | 12–30 hours | — |
Duration | 12–36 hours | — |
Duration | 12–42 hours | — |
Duration | 18–24 hours | — |
Duration | 18–30 hours | — |
Duration | 18–36 hours | — |
Duration | 18–42 hours | — |
Duration | 18–48 hours | — |
Duration | 24–30 hours | — |
Duration | 24–36 hours | — |
Duration | 24–42 hours | — |
Duration | 24–48 hours | — |
Duration | 30–36 hours | — |
Duration | 30–42 hours | — |
Duration | 36–42 hours | — |
Duration | 36–48 hours | — |
Duration | 42–48 hours | — |
Duration | 12–14 hours | — |
Duration | 12–16 hours | — |
Duration | 12–20 hours | — |
Duration | 12–22 hours | — |
Duration | 14–16 hours | — |
Duration | 14–18 hours | — |
Duration | 14–20 hours | — |
Duration | 14–22 hours | — |
Duration | 14–24 hours | — |
Duration | 16–18 hours | — |
Duration | 16–20 hours | — |
Duration | 16–22 hours | — |
Duration | 16–24 hours | — |
Duration | 18–20 hours | — |
Duration | 18–22 hours | — |
Duration | 20–22 hours | — |
Duration | 20–24 hours | — |
Duration | 22–24 hours | — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 1–1.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–3 hours | — |
Duration | 1–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–2 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–2.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–3 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–4 hours | — |
Duration | 2–2.5 hours | — |
Duration | 2–3 hours | — |
Duration | 2–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 2–4 hours | — |
Duration | 2.5–3 hours | — |
Duration | 2.5–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 2.5–4 hours | — |
Duration | 3–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 3–4 hours | — |
Duration | 3.5–4 hours | — |
Voltage | ≤ 1 V | — |
Voltage | ≤ 4 V | — |
Duration | ≤ 48 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 24 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 4 hours | — |
Voltage | ≥ 0.25 V | — |
Voltage | ≥ 0.5 V | — |
Duration | ≥ 12 hours | — |
Duration | ≥ 1 hour | — |
GRAPHENE OXIDE-BASED POROUS 3D MESH
non-aqueous electrolyte
FIG. 9 shows exemplary SEM images of the interior microstructures of an uncompressed and a compressed holey three dimensional graphene framework (H₃DGF), and …
FIG. 10 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Nb 2 O 5 composite. [00155]
FIG. 11 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Si composite with high mass loading. [00156]
FIG. 12B show exemplary cross-sectional SEM images of the porous interconnected framework of a 3DGF-S composite, and the 1- p m sulfur particles within. [00157]
FIG. 13 shows exemplary low-magnification TEM images of sulfur particles encapsulated in a 3DGF-S composite electrode, and multiple frames of the movement of …
FIG. 14 shows exemplary low and high magnification SEM images of an exemplary 3DGF-S. [00159]
FIG. 18E show exemplary charge and discharge profiles of the 1 St, 20th and 50th cycle s o f 3DGF- S 90, the cycling performance of 3DGF- S70, 80, 90, and 95 at …
| 480–1940 mAh/g |
| — |
energy storage device stack-specific energy density (claimed range) | 16–750 Wh/kg | — |
energy storage device stack-specific power density (claimed range) | 0.5–8 kW/kg | — |
energy storage device electrode-specific gravimetric energy density (claimed range) | 16–750 Wh/kg | — |
energy storage device electrode-specific gravimetric power density (claimed range) | 0.5–18 kW/kg | — |
energy storage device total capacitance (claimed range) | 50–1000 F | — |
Thickness | 100–200 mm | — |
Voltage | 1.6–2.6 V | — |
Voltage | ≤ 0.5 V | — |
Thickness | 1–1000 nm | — |
Voltage | 0.25–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.25–0.375 V | — |
Voltage | 0.25–0.5 V | — |
Voltage | 0.25–0.625 V | — |
Voltage | 0.375–0.5 V | — |
Voltage | 0.375–0.625 V | — |
Voltage | 0.375–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–0.625 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.625–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–4 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–0.75 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–2 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–3 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–2 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–3 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–4 V | — |
Voltage | 1–2 V | — |
Voltage | 1–3 V | — |
Voltage | 1–4 V | — |
Voltage | 2–3 V | — |
Voltage | 2–4 V | — |
Voltage | 3–4 V | — |
Duration | 12–48 hours | — |
Duration | 12–18 hours | — |
Duration | 12–24 hours | — |
Duration | 12–30 hours | — |
Duration | 12–36 hours | — |
Duration | 12–42 hours | — |
Duration | 18–24 hours | — |
Duration | 18–30 hours | — |
Duration | 18–36 hours | — |
Duration | 18–42 hours | — |
Duration | 18–48 hours | — |
Duration | 24–30 hours | — |
Duration | 24–36 hours | — |
Duration | 24–42 hours | — |
Duration | 24–48 hours | — |
Duration | 30–36 hours | — |
Duration | 30–42 hours | — |
Duration | 36–42 hours | — |
Duration | 36–48 hours | — |
Duration | 42–48 hours | — |
Duration | 12–14 hours | — |
Duration | 12–16 hours | — |
Duration | 12–20 hours | — |
Duration | 12–22 hours | — |
Duration | 14–16 hours | — |
Duration | 14–18 hours | — |
Duration | 14–20 hours | — |
Duration | 14–22 hours | — |
Duration | 14–24 hours | — |
Duration | 16–18 hours | — |
Duration | 16–20 hours | — |
Duration | 16–22 hours | — |
Duration | 16–24 hours | — |
Duration | 18–20 hours | — |
Duration | 18–22 hours | — |
Duration | 20–22 hours | — |
Duration | 20–24 hours | — |
Duration | 22–24 hours | — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 1–1.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–3 hours | — |
Duration | 1–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–2 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–2.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–3 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–4 hours | — |
Duration | 2–2.5 hours | — |
Duration | 2–3 hours | — |
Duration | 2–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 2–4 hours | — |
Duration | 2.5–3 hours | — |
Duration | 2.5–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 2.5–4 hours | — |
Duration | 3–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 3–4 hours | — |
Duration | 3.5–4 hours | — |
Voltage | ≤ 1 V | — |
Voltage | ≤ 4 V | — |
Duration | ≤ 48 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 24 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 4 hours | — |
Voltage | ≥ 0.25 V | — |
Voltage | ≥ 0.5 V | — |
Duration | ≥ 12 hours | — |
Duration | ≥ 1 hour | — |
GRAPHENE OXIDE-BASED POROUS 3D MESH
non-aqueous electrolyte
FIG. 9 shows exemplary SEM images of the interior microstructures of an uncompressed and a compressed holey three dimensional graphene framework (H₃DGF), and …
FIG. 10 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Nb 2 O 5 composite. [00155]
FIG. 11 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Si composite with high mass loading. [00156]
FIG. 12B show exemplary cross-sectional SEM images of the porous interconnected framework of a 3DGF-S composite, and the 1- p m sulfur particles within. [00157]
FIG. 13 shows exemplary low-magnification TEM images of sulfur particles encapsulated in a 3DGF-S composite electrode, and multiple frames of the movement of …
FIG. 14 shows exemplary low and high magnification SEM images of an exemplary 3DGF-S. [00159]
FIG. 18E show exemplary charge and discharge profiles of the 1 St, 20th and 50th cycle s o f 3DGF- S 90, the cycling performance of 3DGF- S70, 80, 90, and 95 at …
| 480–1940 mAh/g |
| — |
energy storage device stack-specific energy density (claimed range) | 16–750 Wh/kg | — |
energy storage device stack-specific power density (claimed range) | 0.5–8 kW/kg | — |
energy storage device electrode-specific gravimetric energy density (claimed range) | 16–750 Wh/kg | — |
energy storage device electrode-specific gravimetric power density (claimed range) | 0.5–18 kW/kg | — |
energy storage device total capacitance (claimed range) | 50–1000 F | — |
Thickness | 100–200 mm | — |
Voltage | 1.6–2.6 V | — |
Voltage | ≤ 0.5 V | — |
Thickness | 1–1000 nm | — |
Voltage | 0.25–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.25–0.375 V | — |
Voltage | 0.25–0.5 V | — |
Voltage | 0.25–0.625 V | — |
Voltage | 0.375–0.5 V | — |
Voltage | 0.375–0.625 V | — |
Voltage | 0.375–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–0.625 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.625–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–4 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–0.75 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–2 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–3 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–2 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–3 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–4 V | — |
Voltage | 1–2 V | — |
Voltage | 1–3 V | — |
Voltage | 1–4 V | — |
Voltage | 2–3 V | — |
Voltage | 2–4 V | — |
Voltage | 3–4 V | — |
Duration | 12–48 hours | — |
Duration | 12–18 hours | — |
Duration | 12–24 hours | — |
Duration | 12–30 hours | — |
Duration | 12–36 hours | — |
Duration | 12–42 hours | — |
Duration | 18–24 hours | — |
Duration | 18–30 hours | — |
Duration | 18–36 hours | — |
Duration | 18–42 hours | — |
Duration | 18–48 hours | — |
Duration | 24–30 hours | — |
Duration | 24–36 hours | — |
Duration | 24–42 hours | — |
Duration | 24–48 hours | — |
Duration | 30–36 hours | — |
Duration | 30–42 hours | — |
Duration | 36–42 hours | — |
Duration | 36–48 hours | — |
Duration | 42–48 hours | — |
Duration | 12–14 hours | — |
Duration | 12–16 hours | — |
Duration | 12–20 hours | — |
Duration | 12–22 hours | — |
Duration | 14–16 hours | — |
Duration | 14–18 hours | — |
Duration | 14–20 hours | — |
Duration | 14–22 hours | — |
Duration | 14–24 hours | — |
Duration | 16–18 hours | — |
Duration | 16–20 hours | — |
Duration | 16–22 hours | — |
Duration | 16–24 hours | — |
Duration | 18–20 hours | — |
Duration | 18–22 hours | — |
Duration | 20–22 hours | — |
Duration | 20–24 hours | — |
Duration | 22–24 hours | — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 1–1.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–3 hours | — |
Duration | 1–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–2 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–2.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–3 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–4 hours | — |
Duration | 2–2.5 hours | — |
Duration | 2–3 hours | — |
Duration | 2–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 2–4 hours | — |
Duration | 2.5–3 hours | — |
Duration | 2.5–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 2.5–4 hours | — |
Duration | 3–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 3–4 hours | — |
Duration | 3.5–4 hours | — |
Voltage | ≤ 1 V | — |
Voltage | ≤ 4 V | — |
Duration | ≤ 48 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 24 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 4 hours | — |
Voltage | ≥ 0.25 V | — |
Voltage | ≥ 0.5 V | — |
Duration | ≥ 12 hours | — |
Duration | ≥ 1 hour | — |
GRAPHENE OXIDE-BASED POROUS 3D MESH
non-aqueous electrolyte
FIG. 9 shows exemplary SEM images of the interior microstructures of an uncompressed and a compressed holey three dimensional graphene framework (H₃DGF), and …
FIG. 10 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Nb 2 O 5 composite. [00155]
FIG. 11 shows exemplary SEM images of a H₃DGF-Si composite with high mass loading. [00156]
FIG. 12B show exemplary cross-sectional SEM images of the porous interconnected framework of a 3DGF-S composite, and the 1- p m sulfur particles within. [00157]
FIG. 13 shows exemplary low-magnification TEM images of sulfur particles encapsulated in a 3DGF-S composite electrode, and multiple frames of the movement of …
FIG. 14 shows exemplary low and high magnification SEM images of an exemplary 3DGF-S. [00159]
FIG. 18E show exemplary charge and discharge profiles of the 1 St, 20th and 50th cycle s o f 3DGF- S 90, the cycling performance of 3DGF- S70, 80, 90, and 95 at …
| 480–1940 mAh/g |
| — |
energy storage device stack-specific energy density (claimed range) | 16–750 Wh/kg | — |
energy storage device stack-specific power density (claimed range) | 0.5–8 kW/kg | — |
energy storage device electrode-specific gravimetric energy density (claimed range) | 16–750 Wh/kg | — |
energy storage device electrode-specific gravimetric power density (claimed range) | 0.5–18 kW/kg | — |
energy storage device total capacitance (claimed range) | 50–1000 F | — |
Thickness | 100–200 mm | — |
Voltage | 1.6–2.6 V | — |
Voltage | ≤ 0.5 V | — |
Thickness | 1–1000 nm | — |
Voltage | 0.25–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.25–0.375 V | — |
Voltage | 0.25–0.5 V | — |
Voltage | 0.25–0.625 V | — |
Voltage | 0.375–0.5 V | — |
Voltage | 0.375–0.625 V | — |
Voltage | 0.375–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–0.625 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.625–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–4 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–0.75 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–2 V | — |
Voltage | 0.5–3 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–1 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–2 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–3 V | — |
Voltage | 0.75–4 V | — |
Voltage | 1–2 V | — |
Voltage | 1–3 V | — |
Voltage | 1–4 V | — |
Voltage | 2–3 V | — |
Voltage | 2–4 V | — |
Voltage | 3–4 V | — |
Duration | 12–48 hours | — |
Duration | 12–18 hours | — |
Duration | 12–24 hours | — |
Duration | 12–30 hours | — |
Duration | 12–36 hours | — |
Duration | 12–42 hours | — |
Duration | 18–24 hours | — |
Duration | 18–30 hours | — |
Duration | 18–36 hours | — |
Duration | 18–42 hours | — |
Duration | 18–48 hours | — |
Duration | 24–30 hours | — |
Duration | 24–36 hours | — |
Duration | 24–42 hours | — |
Duration | 24–48 hours | — |
Duration | 30–36 hours | — |
Duration | 30–42 hours | — |
Duration | 36–42 hours | — |
Duration | 36–48 hours | — |
Duration | 42–48 hours | — |
Duration | 12–14 hours | — |
Duration | 12–16 hours | — |
Duration | 12–20 hours | — |
Duration | 12–22 hours | — |
Duration | 14–16 hours | — |
Duration | 14–18 hours | — |
Duration | 14–20 hours | — |
Duration | 14–22 hours | — |
Duration | 14–24 hours | — |
Duration | 16–18 hours | — |
Duration | 16–20 hours | — |
Duration | 16–22 hours | — |
Duration | 16–24 hours | — |
Duration | 18–20 hours | — |
Duration | 18–22 hours | — |
Duration | 20–22 hours | — |
Duration | 20–24 hours | — |
Duration | 22–24 hours | — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 1–1.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–3 hours | — |
Duration | 1–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–2 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–2.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–3 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 1.5–4 hours | — |
Duration | 2–2.5 hours | — |
Duration | 2–3 hours | — |
Duration | 2–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 2–4 hours | — |
Duration | 2.5–3 hours | — |
Duration | 2.5–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 2.5–4 hours | — |
Duration | 3–3.5 hours | — |
Duration | 3–4 hours | — |
Duration | 3.5–4 hours | — |
Voltage | ≤ 1 V | — |
Voltage | ≤ 4 V | — |
Duration | ≤ 48 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 24 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 4 hours | — |
Voltage | ≥ 0.25 V | — |
Voltage | ≥ 0.5 V | — |
Duration | ≥ 12 hours | — |
Duration | ≥ 1 hour | — |