Patent
US 11,171,325OPTIMIZED ELECTRODE DESIGN FOR GRAPHENE BASED ANODES
Joshua J. LAU
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 11,171,325Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a process flow chart that illustrates an embodiment of the electrode fabrication process of the present 15 invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph that illustrates pulse discharge electrical performance test results of lithium ion electrochemical cells constructed with respective anodes …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An electrode, comprising an electrochemically active material comprising particles disposed in a matrix, wherein the particles each comprise: a first component comprising graphene, graphene oxide, or a combination thereof; and a second component encapsulated by the first component, wherein the electrode is calendered, such that the first component forms an electrically conductive matrix and the electrode comprises channels and has an internal porosity that ranges from about 40 to about 60 percent, wherein the channels are configured to increase a diffusion rate and volume of lithium ions within the electrode. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zin c, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys thereof, intermetalli c s thereof, and mixtures thereof. Original
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the particles of the electrochemically active material have a particle size distribution that ranges from about 0.5 p m to about 10 pm. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the second component has a particle size distribution that ranges from about 30 nm to about 50 nm. Original
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a thickness that ranges from about 5 p m to about 50 pm. Original
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the internal porosity is measured by the equation: SVG 15207090.09-27-2021.KU₃₂₄₃KTLDFLYX4.CLM.1.svg 0.29 3.51 Black and white wherein the measured density is measured by dividing the mass of the dried electrode by its volume and the theoretical density is the density of the electrode that is 100 percent dense. Previously presented
A method of fabricating an electrode of claim 1, the method comprising: mixing the electrochemicallyactive material with a binder to create a mixture; adding a solvent to the mixture to create an electrode slurry; coating the electrode slurry on a substrate; drying the electrode slurry to substantially remove the solvent; and calenderingthe dried electrode slurry to form an electrode having an internal porosity; measured by the equation: SVG 15207090.09-27-2021.KU₃₂₄₃KTLDFLYX4.CLM.2.svg 0.31 3.88 Black and white wherein the measured density is measured by dividing the mass of the dried electrode by its volume and the theoretical density is the density of the electrode that is 100 percent dense. Previously presented
Canceled
An electrochemical cell, comprising: a negative electrode comprising an active electrode material comprising particles disposed in a matrix, wherein the particles each comprise; a first component comprising graphene, graphene oxide, or a combination thereof, and a second component encapsulated in the first component, wherein the negative electrode is calendered, such that the first component forms an electrically conductive matrix and the negative electrode comprises channels and has an internal porosity that ranges from about 40 to about 60 percent; a positive electrode comprising a lithium component; and an ionically conductive electrolyte solution in which the negative and positive electrodes are immersed; wherein the channels are configured to increase a diffusion rate and volume of lithium ions within the negative electrode. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zinc, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys thereof, intermetallics thereof, and mixtures thereof. Original
The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the active electrode material has a particle size distribution that ranges from about 0.5 m to about 10 pm. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the negative electrode comprises from about 28 weight percent to about 70 weight percent of the first component, based on the total weight of the negative electrode. Original
The electrode of claim I further comprising a binder, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of a fluoro-resin powder, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly(acrylic) acid, polyethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, cellulose, polyacrylate rubber, and copolymers of acrylic acid or acrylate esters with polyhydrocarbons including copolymers of acrylic acid and polyethylene and copolymers of acrylate esters and polypropylene, and mixtures thereof. Currently amended
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
calendered electrode (anode)
lithium ion electrochemical cell
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene/graphene oxide composite particles (active electrode material)
graphene or graphene oxide
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 2 is a graph that illustrates pulse discharge electrical performance test results of lithium ion electrochemical cells constructed with respective anodes …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Internal Porosity | 40–60 percent | — |
Electrode Thickness | 5–50 um | — |
Particle Size Distribution |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 11,171,325Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a process flow chart that illustrates an embodiment of the electrode fabrication process of the present 15 invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph that illustrates pulse discharge electrical performance test results of lithium ion electrochemical cells constructed with respective anodes …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An electrode, comprising an electrochemically active material comprising particles disposed in a matrix, wherein the particles each comprise: a first component comprising graphene, graphene oxide, or a combination thereof; and a second component encapsulated by the first component, wherein the electrode is calendered, such that the first component forms an electrically conductive matrix and the electrode comprises channels and has an internal porosity that ranges from about 40 to about 60 percent, wherein the channels are configured to increase a diffusion rate and volume of lithium ions within the electrode. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zin c, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys thereof, intermetalli c s thereof, and mixtures thereof. Original
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the particles of the electrochemically active material have a particle size distribution that ranges from about 0.5 p m to about 10 pm. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the second component has a particle size distribution that ranges from about 30 nm to about 50 nm. Original
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a thickness that ranges from about 5 p m to about 50 pm. Original
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the internal porosity is measured by the equation: SVG 15207090.09-27-2021.KU₃₂₄₃KTLDFLYX4.CLM.1.svg 0.29 3.51 Black and white wherein the measured density is measured by dividing the mass of the dried electrode by its volume and the theoretical density is the density of the electrode that is 100 percent dense. Previously presented
A method of fabricating an electrode of claim 1, the method comprising: mixing the electrochemicallyactive material with a binder to create a mixture; adding a solvent to the mixture to create an electrode slurry; coating the electrode slurry on a substrate; drying the electrode slurry to substantially remove the solvent; and calenderingthe dried electrode slurry to form an electrode having an internal porosity; measured by the equation: SVG 15207090.09-27-2021.KU₃₂₄₃KTLDFLYX4.CLM.2.svg 0.31 3.88 Black and white wherein the measured density is measured by dividing the mass of the dried electrode by its volume and the theoretical density is the density of the electrode that is 100 percent dense. Previously presented
Canceled
An electrochemical cell, comprising: a negative electrode comprising an active electrode material comprising particles disposed in a matrix, wherein the particles each comprise; a first component comprising graphene, graphene oxide, or a combination thereof, and a second component encapsulated in the first component, wherein the negative electrode is calendered, such that the first component forms an electrically conductive matrix and the negative electrode comprises channels and has an internal porosity that ranges from about 40 to about 60 percent; a positive electrode comprising a lithium component; and an ionically conductive electrolyte solution in which the negative and positive electrodes are immersed; wherein the channels are configured to increase a diffusion rate and volume of lithium ions within the negative electrode. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zinc, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys thereof, intermetallics thereof, and mixtures thereof. Original
The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the active electrode material has a particle size distribution that ranges from about 0.5 m to about 10 pm. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the negative electrode comprises from about 28 weight percent to about 70 weight percent of the first component, based on the total weight of the negative electrode. Original
The electrode of claim I further comprising a binder, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of a fluoro-resin powder, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly(acrylic) acid, polyethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, cellulose, polyacrylate rubber, and copolymers of acrylic acid or acrylate esters with polyhydrocarbons including copolymers of acrylic acid and polyethylene and copolymers of acrylate esters and polypropylene, and mixtures thereof. Currently amended
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
calendered electrode (anode)
lithium ion electrochemical cell
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene/graphene oxide composite particles (active electrode material)
graphene or graphene oxide
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 2 is a graph that illustrates pulse discharge electrical performance test results of lithium ion electrochemical cells constructed with respective anodes …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Internal Porosity | 40–60 percent | — |
Electrode Thickness | 5–50 um | — |
Particle Size Distribution |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 11,171,325Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a process flow chart that illustrates an embodiment of the electrode fabrication process of the present 15 invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph that illustrates pulse discharge electrical performance test results of lithium ion electrochemical cells constructed with respective anodes …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An electrode, comprising an electrochemically active material comprising particles disposed in a matrix, wherein the particles each comprise: a first component comprising graphene, graphene oxide, or a combination thereof; and a second component encapsulated by the first component, wherein the electrode is calendered, such that the first component forms an electrically conductive matrix and the electrode comprises channels and has an internal porosity that ranges from about 40 to about 60 percent, wherein the channels are configured to increase a diffusion rate and volume of lithium ions within the electrode. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zin c, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys thereof, intermetalli c s thereof, and mixtures thereof. Original
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the particles of the electrochemically active material have a particle size distribution that ranges from about 0.5 p m to about 10 pm. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the second component has a particle size distribution that ranges from about 30 nm to about 50 nm. Original
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a thickness that ranges from about 5 p m to about 50 pm. Original
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the internal porosity is measured by the equation: SVG 15207090.09-27-2021.KU₃₂₄₃KTLDFLYX4.CLM.1.svg 0.29 3.51 Black and white wherein the measured density is measured by dividing the mass of the dried electrode by its volume and the theoretical density is the density of the electrode that is 100 percent dense. Previously presented
A method of fabricating an electrode of claim 1, the method comprising: mixing the electrochemicallyactive material with a binder to create a mixture; adding a solvent to the mixture to create an electrode slurry; coating the electrode slurry on a substrate; drying the electrode slurry to substantially remove the solvent; and calenderingthe dried electrode slurry to form an electrode having an internal porosity; measured by the equation: SVG 15207090.09-27-2021.KU₃₂₄₃KTLDFLYX4.CLM.2.svg 0.31 3.88 Black and white wherein the measured density is measured by dividing the mass of the dried electrode by its volume and the theoretical density is the density of the electrode that is 100 percent dense. Previously presented
Canceled
An electrochemical cell, comprising: a negative electrode comprising an active electrode material comprising particles disposed in a matrix, wherein the particles each comprise; a first component comprising graphene, graphene oxide, or a combination thereof, and a second component encapsulated in the first component, wherein the negative electrode is calendered, such that the first component forms an electrically conductive matrix and the negative electrode comprises channels and has an internal porosity that ranges from about 40 to about 60 percent; a positive electrode comprising a lithium component; and an ionically conductive electrolyte solution in which the negative and positive electrodes are immersed; wherein the channels are configured to increase a diffusion rate and volume of lithium ions within the negative electrode. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zinc, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys thereof, intermetallics thereof, and mixtures thereof. Original
The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the active electrode material has a particle size distribution that ranges from about 0.5 m to about 10 pm. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the negative electrode comprises from about 28 weight percent to about 70 weight percent of the first component, based on the total weight of the negative electrode. Original
The electrode of claim I further comprising a binder, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of a fluoro-resin powder, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly(acrylic) acid, polyethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, cellulose, polyacrylate rubber, and copolymers of acrylic acid or acrylate esters with polyhydrocarbons including copolymers of acrylic acid and polyethylene and copolymers of acrylate esters and polypropylene, and mixtures thereof. Currently amended
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
calendered electrode (anode)
lithium ion electrochemical cell
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene/graphene oxide composite particles (active electrode material)
graphene or graphene oxide
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 2 is a graph that illustrates pulse discharge electrical performance test results of lithium ion electrochemical cells constructed with respective anodes …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Internal Porosity | 40–60 percent | — |
Electrode Thickness | 5–50 um | — |
Particle Size Distribution |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 11,171,325Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a process flow chart that illustrates an embodiment of the electrode fabrication process of the present 15 invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph that illustrates pulse discharge electrical performance test results of lithium ion electrochemical cells constructed with respective anodes …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An electrode, comprising an electrochemically active material comprising particles disposed in a matrix, wherein the particles each comprise: a first component comprising graphene, graphene oxide, or a combination thereof; and a second component encapsulated by the first component, wherein the electrode is calendered, such that the first component forms an electrically conductive matrix and the electrode comprises channels and has an internal porosity that ranges from about 40 to about 60 percent, wherein the channels are configured to increase a diffusion rate and volume of lithium ions within the electrode. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zin c, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys thereof, intermetalli c s thereof, and mixtures thereof. Original
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the particles of the electrochemically active material have a particle size distribution that ranges from about 0.5 p m to about 10 pm. Previously presented
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the second component has a particle size distribution that ranges from about 30 nm to about 50 nm. Original
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrode has a thickness that ranges from about 5 p m to about 50 pm. Original
The electrode of claim 1, wherein the internal porosity is measured by the equation: SVG 15207090.09-27-2021.KU₃₂₄₃KTLDFLYX4.CLM.1.svg 0.29 3.51 Black and white wherein the measured density is measured by dividing the mass of the dried electrode by its volume and the theoretical density is the density of the electrode that is 100 percent dense. Previously presented
A method of fabricating an electrode of claim 1, the method comprising: mixing the electrochemicallyactive material with a binder to create a mixture; adding a solvent to the mixture to create an electrode slurry; coating the electrode slurry on a substrate; drying the electrode slurry to substantially remove the solvent; and calenderingthe dried electrode slurry to form an electrode having an internal porosity; measured by the equation: SVG 15207090.09-27-2021.KU₃₂₄₃KTLDFLYX4.CLM.2.svg 0.31 3.88 Black and white wherein the measured density is measured by dividing the mass of the dried electrode by its volume and the theoretical density is the density of the electrode that is 100 percent dense. Previously presented
Canceled
An electrochemical cell, comprising: a negative electrode comprising an active electrode material comprising particles disposed in a matrix, wherein the particles each comprise; a first component comprising graphene, graphene oxide, or a combination thereof, and a second component encapsulated in the first component, wherein the negative electrode is calendered, such that the first component forms an electrically conductive matrix and the negative electrode comprises channels and has an internal porosity that ranges from about 40 to about 60 percent; a positive electrode comprising a lithium component; and an ionically conductive electrolyte solution in which the negative and positive electrodes are immersed; wherein the channels are configured to increase a diffusion rate and volume of lithium ions within the negative electrode. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the second component is selected from the group consisting of silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zinc, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys thereof, intermetallics thereof, and mixtures thereof. Original
The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the active electrode material has a particle size distribution that ranges from about 0.5 m to about 10 pm. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 16, wherein the negative electrode comprises from about 28 weight percent to about 70 weight percent of the first component, based on the total weight of the negative electrode. Original
The electrode of claim I further comprising a binder, wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of a fluoro-resin powder, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), poly(acrylic) acid, polyethylenetetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, cellulose, polyacrylate rubber, and copolymers of acrylic acid or acrylate esters with polyhydrocarbons including copolymers of acrylic acid and polyethylene and copolymers of acrylate esters and polypropylene, and mixtures thereof. Currently amended
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
calendered electrode (anode)
lithium ion electrochemical cell
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene/graphene oxide composite particles (active electrode material)
graphene or graphene oxide
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 2 is a graph that illustrates pulse discharge electrical performance test results of lithium ion electrochemical cells constructed with respective anodes …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Internal Porosity | 40–60 percent | — |
Electrode Thickness | 5–50 um | — |
Particle Size Distribution |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
second component (silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zinc, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys, intermetallics, mixtures)
binder (PTFE, PVDF, poly(acrylic) acid, ETFE, polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene, SBR, cellulose, polyacrylate rubber, copolymers, mixtures)
silicon
Si
graphene
silicon oxide
SiOx
| 0.5–10 um |
graphene/graphene oxide composite particles (active electrode material) |
Particle Size Distribution | 30–50 nm | second component (silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zinc, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys, intermetallics, mixtures) |
Electrical Conductivity | 1000000 S/cm | graphene |
Electrical Resistivity | 2300 Ohm·m | Si |
Thickness | 30–100 nm | — |
Duration | 1800–7200 s | — |
Duration | 30–1800 s | — |
Duration | 30–300 s | — |
Duration | 2–24 hours | — |
second component (silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zinc, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys, intermetallics, mixtures)
binder (PTFE, PVDF, poly(acrylic) acid, ETFE, polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene, SBR, cellulose, polyacrylate rubber, copolymers, mixtures)
silicon
Si
graphene
silicon oxide
SiOx
| 0.5–10 um |
graphene/graphene oxide composite particles (active electrode material) |
Particle Size Distribution | 30–50 nm | second component (silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zinc, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys, intermetallics, mixtures) |
Electrical Conductivity | 1000000 S/cm | graphene |
Electrical Resistivity | 2300 Ohm·m | Si |
Thickness | 30–100 nm | — |
Duration | 1800–7200 s | — |
Duration | 30–1800 s | — |
Duration | 30–300 s | — |
Duration | 2–24 hours | — |
second component (silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zinc, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys, intermetallics, mixtures)
binder (PTFE, PVDF, poly(acrylic) acid, ETFE, polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene, SBR, cellulose, polyacrylate rubber, copolymers, mixtures)
silicon
Si
graphene
silicon oxide
SiOx
| 0.5–10 um |
graphene/graphene oxide composite particles (active electrode material) |
Particle Size Distribution | 30–50 nm | second component (silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zinc, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys, intermetallics, mixtures) |
Electrical Conductivity | 1000000 S/cm | graphene |
Electrical Resistivity | 2300 Ohm·m | Si |
Thickness | 30–100 nm | — |
Duration | 1800–7200 s | — |
Duration | 30–1800 s | — |
Duration | 30–300 s | — |
Duration | 2–24 hours | — |
second component (silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zinc, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys, intermetallics, mixtures)
binder (PTFE, PVDF, poly(acrylic) acid, ETFE, polyamides, polyimides, polyethylene, SBR, cellulose, polyacrylate rubber, copolymers, mixtures)
silicon
Si
graphene
silicon oxide
SiOx
| 0.5–10 um |
graphene/graphene oxide composite particles (active electrode material) |
Particle Size Distribution | 30–50 nm | second component (silicon, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, antimony, aluminum, silver, germanium, gallium, magnesium, zinc, lead, bismuth, carbon, titanium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, alloys, intermetallics, mixtures) |
Electrical Conductivity | 1000000 S/cm | graphene |
Electrical Resistivity | 2300 Ohm·m | Si |
Thickness | 30–100 nm | — |
Duration | 1800–7200 s | — |
Duration | 30–1800 s | — |
Duration | 30–300 s | — |
Duration | 2–24 hours | — |