Patent
US 10,199,637Graphene-Metal Hybrid Foam-Based Electrode for an Alkali Metal Battery
Aruna Zhamu
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,199,637Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 (B) Schematic drawing illustrating the processes for producing conventional paper, mat, film, and membrane of simply aggregated graphite or NGP …
FIG.2 Schematic of a prior art lithium metal battery cell.. FI G.3(A) Schematic of a graphene foam having pores and graphene pore walls. 22
FIG.3(B) The graphene-metal hybrid foam containing a lithium- or sodium-attracting metal residing in the pores (e.g. coated on pore walls) of the foam.
FIG.4 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
FIG.5(B) Thermal conductivity values of the GO suspension-derived foam, sacrificial plastic bead- templated GO foam, and hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam …
FIG.6 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and GF (graphene fluoride) as a function of the specific gravity.
FIG.7 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and pristine graphene as a function of the final (maximum) heat treatment …
FIG.8(A) Inter-graphene plane spacing in graphene foam walls as measured by X-ray diffraction;
FIG.9(A) Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. energy density) of two sets of lithium metal cells: (a) first cell containing nitrogen-doped graphene-metal …
FIG. 10 The battery cell capacity decay curves of two sodium metal cells: one cell containing a pristine graphene-metal (Mg) foam and a sheet of Na foil as the …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An alkali metal battery comprising an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte in ionic contact with said anode and said cathode, and an optional porous separator electronically separating said anode and said cathode, wherein said anode comprises a graphene-metal hybrid foam 5 composed of multiple pores, pore walls, and a lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal residing in said pores or deposited on said pore walls; wherein said lithium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Na, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, and an alloy thereof for a lithium metal battery, or said sodium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Li, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, 10 V, Cr, and an alloy thereof for a sodium metal battery, and is in an amount of 0.1% to 90% of the total hybrid foam weight, and said pore walls contain single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets, wherein said few-layer graphene sheets have 2-10 layers of stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d oo 2 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction and said single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets contain a pristine graphene 15 material having essentially zero % of non-carbon elements, or a non-pristine graphene material having 0.001 % to 25 % by weight of non-carbon elements wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from the group comprising graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, and a 20 combination thereof.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, further comprising an additional separate, discrete anode current collector in contact with said anode, and/or a separate, discrete cathode current collector in contact with said cathode.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said cathode comprises a graphene foam composed of multiple pores and pore walls, wherein said pore walls contain single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets, wherein said few-layer graphene sheets have 2-10 layers of stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d oo 2 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction and said single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets contain a pristine graphene material having essentially zero % of non-carbon elements, or a non- 65 pristine graphene material having 0.001 % to 25 % by weight of non-carbon elements wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a 5 combination thereof.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a density from 0.005 to 1.7 g/cm 3, a specific surface area from 50 to 3,200 SVG 15175775.08-05-2016.IRHY₉₄D₄RXEAPX4.CLM.2.8.725.1028.827.1084.svg 0.187 0.34 Chemistry Black and white a thermal conductivity of at least 200 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 2,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a pristine graphene and said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a density from 0.1 to 1.7 g/cm 3, an average pore size from 2 nm to 50 nm, and a specific surface area from 300 m2/g to 3,200 SVG 15175775.08-05-2016.IRHY₉₄D₄RXEAPX4.CLM.2.13.659.1485.753.1541.svg 0.187 0.313 Chemistry Black and white
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a non-pristine graphene material and wherein said foam contains a content of non-carbon elements in the range of 0.01% to 20 % by weight and said non-carbon elements include an element selected from oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen, hydrogen, or boron.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said battery is in a continuous-length filament, wire, or sheet form having a thickness or diameter from 200 nm to 10 cm.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has an oxygen content or non-carbon content less than 1 % by weight, and said pore walls have an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.35 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 250 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 2,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has an oxygen content or non-carbon content less than 0.01 % by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene 66 spacing less than 0.34 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 300 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has an oxygen content or non-carbon content no greater than 5 0.01 % by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter- graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 350 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has pore walls containing stacked graphene planes having an intergraphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a thermal conductivity greater than 400 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity greater than 4,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein the pore walls contain stacked graphene planes 15 having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.337 nm and a mosaic spread value less than 1.0.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a 3D network of interconnected graphene planes.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a physical density higher than 0.8 g/cm 3 and a specific 20 surface area greater than 800 SVG 15175775.08-05-2016.IRHY₉₄D₄RXEAPX4.CLM.3.20.966.2163.1059.2219.svg 0.187 0.31 Chemistry Black and white.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a physical density higher than 1.0 g/cm 3 and a specific surface area greater than 500 m 2/g.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam is pre-loaded with lithium or sodium before the battery is made, or the anode further comprises a lithium source or a sodium source. 67
An alkali metal battery electrode comprising a graphene-metal hybrid foam composed of multiple pores, pore walls, and a lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal residing in said pores or deposited on said pore walls; wherein said lithium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Na, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, and 10 an alloy thereof for a lithium metal battery, or said sodium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Li, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, and an alloy thereof for a sodium metal battery, and is in an amount of 0.1 % to 50 % of the total hybrid foam weight, and said pore walls contain single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets, wherein said few-layer graphene sheets have 2-10 layers of stacked graphene planes having 15 an inter-plane spacing d 002 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction and said single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets contain a pristine graphene material having essentially zero % of non-carbon elements, or a non-pristine graphene material having 0.001 % to 25 % by weight of non-carbon elements wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from a group consisting of graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene 20 fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, and a combination thereof.
An alkali metal battery having a cathode, an anode comprising the electrode of claim 18, a porous separator electronically separating said anode and said cathode, and/or an electrolyte in ionic contact with said anode and said cathode, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam is pre-loaded, prior to battery fabrication, with lithium or sodium to an extent that a weight ratio of said lithium to said lithium-attracting metal or a weight ratio of said sodium to said sodium-attracting metal is from 1/100 to 100/1. 68
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
alkali metal battery
alkali metal battery electrode
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene-metal hybrid foam
pristine graphene
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG.4 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
inter-plane spacing d002 of few-layer graphene in pore walls (2-10 layers) | 0.3354–0.4 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claim 8, <0.35 nm) | ≤ 0.35 nm |
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Lithium Battery Anode Containing Silicon Nanowires Formed in situ in Pores of Graphene Foam
ALKALI METAL BATTERY HAVING AN INTEGRAL 3D GRAPHENE-CARBON-METAL HYBRID FOAM-BASED ELECTRODE
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,199,637Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 (B) Schematic drawing illustrating the processes for producing conventional paper, mat, film, and membrane of simply aggregated graphite or NGP …
FIG.2 Schematic of a prior art lithium metal battery cell.. FI G.3(A) Schematic of a graphene foam having pores and graphene pore walls. 22
FIG.3(B) The graphene-metal hybrid foam containing a lithium- or sodium-attracting metal residing in the pores (e.g. coated on pore walls) of the foam.
FIG.4 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
FIG.5(B) Thermal conductivity values of the GO suspension-derived foam, sacrificial plastic bead- templated GO foam, and hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam …
FIG.6 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and GF (graphene fluoride) as a function of the specific gravity.
FIG.7 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and pristine graphene as a function of the final (maximum) heat treatment …
FIG.8(A) Inter-graphene plane spacing in graphene foam walls as measured by X-ray diffraction;
FIG.9(A) Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. energy density) of two sets of lithium metal cells: (a) first cell containing nitrogen-doped graphene-metal …
FIG. 10 The battery cell capacity decay curves of two sodium metal cells: one cell containing a pristine graphene-metal (Mg) foam and a sheet of Na foil as the …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An alkali metal battery comprising an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte in ionic contact with said anode and said cathode, and an optional porous separator electronically separating said anode and said cathode, wherein said anode comprises a graphene-metal hybrid foam 5 composed of multiple pores, pore walls, and a lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal residing in said pores or deposited on said pore walls; wherein said lithium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Na, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, and an alloy thereof for a lithium metal battery, or said sodium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Li, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, 10 V, Cr, and an alloy thereof for a sodium metal battery, and is in an amount of 0.1% to 90% of the total hybrid foam weight, and said pore walls contain single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets, wherein said few-layer graphene sheets have 2-10 layers of stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d oo 2 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction and said single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets contain a pristine graphene 15 material having essentially zero % of non-carbon elements, or a non-pristine graphene material having 0.001 % to 25 % by weight of non-carbon elements wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from the group comprising graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, and a 20 combination thereof.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, further comprising an additional separate, discrete anode current collector in contact with said anode, and/or a separate, discrete cathode current collector in contact with said cathode.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said cathode comprises a graphene foam composed of multiple pores and pore walls, wherein said pore walls contain single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets, wherein said few-layer graphene sheets have 2-10 layers of stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d oo 2 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction and said single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets contain a pristine graphene material having essentially zero % of non-carbon elements, or a non- 65 pristine graphene material having 0.001 % to 25 % by weight of non-carbon elements wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a 5 combination thereof.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a density from 0.005 to 1.7 g/cm 3, a specific surface area from 50 to 3,200 SVG 15175775.08-05-2016.IRHY₉₄D₄RXEAPX4.CLM.2.8.725.1028.827.1084.svg 0.187 0.34 Chemistry Black and white a thermal conductivity of at least 200 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 2,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a pristine graphene and said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a density from 0.1 to 1.7 g/cm 3, an average pore size from 2 nm to 50 nm, and a specific surface area from 300 m2/g to 3,200 SVG 15175775.08-05-2016.IRHY₉₄D₄RXEAPX4.CLM.2.13.659.1485.753.1541.svg 0.187 0.313 Chemistry Black and white
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a non-pristine graphene material and wherein said foam contains a content of non-carbon elements in the range of 0.01% to 20 % by weight and said non-carbon elements include an element selected from oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen, hydrogen, or boron.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said battery is in a continuous-length filament, wire, or sheet form having a thickness or diameter from 200 nm to 10 cm.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has an oxygen content or non-carbon content less than 1 % by weight, and said pore walls have an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.35 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 250 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 2,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has an oxygen content or non-carbon content less than 0.01 % by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene 66 spacing less than 0.34 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 300 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has an oxygen content or non-carbon content no greater than 5 0.01 % by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter- graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 350 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has pore walls containing stacked graphene planes having an intergraphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a thermal conductivity greater than 400 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity greater than 4,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein the pore walls contain stacked graphene planes 15 having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.337 nm and a mosaic spread value less than 1.0.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a 3D network of interconnected graphene planes.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a physical density higher than 0.8 g/cm 3 and a specific 20 surface area greater than 800 SVG 15175775.08-05-2016.IRHY₉₄D₄RXEAPX4.CLM.3.20.966.2163.1059.2219.svg 0.187 0.31 Chemistry Black and white.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a physical density higher than 1.0 g/cm 3 and a specific surface area greater than 500 m 2/g.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam is pre-loaded with lithium or sodium before the battery is made, or the anode further comprises a lithium source or a sodium source. 67
An alkali metal battery electrode comprising a graphene-metal hybrid foam composed of multiple pores, pore walls, and a lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal residing in said pores or deposited on said pore walls; wherein said lithium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Na, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, and 10 an alloy thereof for a lithium metal battery, or said sodium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Li, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, and an alloy thereof for a sodium metal battery, and is in an amount of 0.1 % to 50 % of the total hybrid foam weight, and said pore walls contain single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets, wherein said few-layer graphene sheets have 2-10 layers of stacked graphene planes having 15 an inter-plane spacing d 002 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction and said single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets contain a pristine graphene material having essentially zero % of non-carbon elements, or a non-pristine graphene material having 0.001 % to 25 % by weight of non-carbon elements wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from a group consisting of graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene 20 fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, and a combination thereof.
An alkali metal battery having a cathode, an anode comprising the electrode of claim 18, a porous separator electronically separating said anode and said cathode, and/or an electrolyte in ionic contact with said anode and said cathode, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam is pre-loaded, prior to battery fabrication, with lithium or sodium to an extent that a weight ratio of said lithium to said lithium-attracting metal or a weight ratio of said sodium to said sodium-attracting metal is from 1/100 to 100/1. 68
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
alkali metal battery
alkali metal battery electrode
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene-metal hybrid foam
pristine graphene
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG.4 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
inter-plane spacing d002 of few-layer graphene in pore walls (2-10 layers) | 0.3354–0.4 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claim 8, <0.35 nm) | ≤ 0.35 nm |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Lithium Battery Anode Containing Silicon Nanowires Formed in situ in Pores of Graphene Foam
ALKALI METAL BATTERY HAVING AN INTEGRAL 3D GRAPHENE-CARBON-METAL HYBRID FOAM-BASED ELECTRODE
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,199,637Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 (B) Schematic drawing illustrating the processes for producing conventional paper, mat, film, and membrane of simply aggregated graphite or NGP …
FIG.2 Schematic of a prior art lithium metal battery cell.. FI G.3(A) Schematic of a graphene foam having pores and graphene pore walls. 22
FIG.3(B) The graphene-metal hybrid foam containing a lithium- or sodium-attracting metal residing in the pores (e.g. coated on pore walls) of the foam.
FIG.4 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
FIG.5(B) Thermal conductivity values of the GO suspension-derived foam, sacrificial plastic bead- templated GO foam, and hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam …
FIG.6 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and GF (graphene fluoride) as a function of the specific gravity.
FIG.7 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and pristine graphene as a function of the final (maximum) heat treatment …
FIG.8(A) Inter-graphene plane spacing in graphene foam walls as measured by X-ray diffraction;
FIG.9(A) Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. energy density) of two sets of lithium metal cells: (a) first cell containing nitrogen-doped graphene-metal …
FIG. 10 The battery cell capacity decay curves of two sodium metal cells: one cell containing a pristine graphene-metal (Mg) foam and a sheet of Na foil as the …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An alkali metal battery comprising an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte in ionic contact with said anode and said cathode, and an optional porous separator electronically separating said anode and said cathode, wherein said anode comprises a graphene-metal hybrid foam 5 composed of multiple pores, pore walls, and a lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal residing in said pores or deposited on said pore walls; wherein said lithium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Na, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, and an alloy thereof for a lithium metal battery, or said sodium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Li, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, 10 V, Cr, and an alloy thereof for a sodium metal battery, and is in an amount of 0.1% to 90% of the total hybrid foam weight, and said pore walls contain single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets, wherein said few-layer graphene sheets have 2-10 layers of stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d oo 2 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction and said single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets contain a pristine graphene 15 material having essentially zero % of non-carbon elements, or a non-pristine graphene material having 0.001 % to 25 % by weight of non-carbon elements wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from the group comprising graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, and a 20 combination thereof.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, further comprising an additional separate, discrete anode current collector in contact with said anode, and/or a separate, discrete cathode current collector in contact with said cathode.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said cathode comprises a graphene foam composed of multiple pores and pore walls, wherein said pore walls contain single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets, wherein said few-layer graphene sheets have 2-10 layers of stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d oo 2 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction and said single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets contain a pristine graphene material having essentially zero % of non-carbon elements, or a non- 65 pristine graphene material having 0.001 % to 25 % by weight of non-carbon elements wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a 5 combination thereof.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a density from 0.005 to 1.7 g/cm 3, a specific surface area from 50 to 3,200 SVG 15175775.08-05-2016.IRHY₉₄D₄RXEAPX4.CLM.2.8.725.1028.827.1084.svg 0.187 0.34 Chemistry Black and white a thermal conductivity of at least 200 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 2,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a pristine graphene and said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a density from 0.1 to 1.7 g/cm 3, an average pore size from 2 nm to 50 nm, and a specific surface area from 300 m2/g to 3,200 SVG 15175775.08-05-2016.IRHY₉₄D₄RXEAPX4.CLM.2.13.659.1485.753.1541.svg 0.187 0.313 Chemistry Black and white
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a non-pristine graphene material and wherein said foam contains a content of non-carbon elements in the range of 0.01% to 20 % by weight and said non-carbon elements include an element selected from oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen, hydrogen, or boron.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said battery is in a continuous-length filament, wire, or sheet form having a thickness or diameter from 200 nm to 10 cm.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has an oxygen content or non-carbon content less than 1 % by weight, and said pore walls have an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.35 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 250 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 2,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has an oxygen content or non-carbon content less than 0.01 % by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene 66 spacing less than 0.34 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 300 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has an oxygen content or non-carbon content no greater than 5 0.01 % by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter- graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 350 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has pore walls containing stacked graphene planes having an intergraphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a thermal conductivity greater than 400 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity greater than 4,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein the pore walls contain stacked graphene planes 15 having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.337 nm and a mosaic spread value less than 1.0.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a 3D network of interconnected graphene planes.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a physical density higher than 0.8 g/cm 3 and a specific 20 surface area greater than 800 SVG 15175775.08-05-2016.IRHY₉₄D₄RXEAPX4.CLM.3.20.966.2163.1059.2219.svg 0.187 0.31 Chemistry Black and white.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a physical density higher than 1.0 g/cm 3 and a specific surface area greater than 500 m 2/g.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam is pre-loaded with lithium or sodium before the battery is made, or the anode further comprises a lithium source or a sodium source. 67
An alkali metal battery electrode comprising a graphene-metal hybrid foam composed of multiple pores, pore walls, and a lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal residing in said pores or deposited on said pore walls; wherein said lithium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Na, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, and 10 an alloy thereof for a lithium metal battery, or said sodium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Li, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, and an alloy thereof for a sodium metal battery, and is in an amount of 0.1 % to 50 % of the total hybrid foam weight, and said pore walls contain single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets, wherein said few-layer graphene sheets have 2-10 layers of stacked graphene planes having 15 an inter-plane spacing d 002 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction and said single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets contain a pristine graphene material having essentially zero % of non-carbon elements, or a non-pristine graphene material having 0.001 % to 25 % by weight of non-carbon elements wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from a group consisting of graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene 20 fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, and a combination thereof.
An alkali metal battery having a cathode, an anode comprising the electrode of claim 18, a porous separator electronically separating said anode and said cathode, and/or an electrolyte in ionic contact with said anode and said cathode, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam is pre-loaded, prior to battery fabrication, with lithium or sodium to an extent that a weight ratio of said lithium to said lithium-attracting metal or a weight ratio of said sodium to said sodium-attracting metal is from 1/100 to 100/1. 68
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
alkali metal battery
alkali metal battery electrode
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene-metal hybrid foam
pristine graphene
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG.4 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
inter-plane spacing d002 of few-layer graphene in pore walls (2-10 layers) | 0.3354–0.4 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claim 8, <0.35 nm) | ≤ 0.35 nm |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Lithium Battery Anode Containing Silicon Nanowires Formed in situ in Pores of Graphene Foam
ALKALI METAL BATTERY HAVING AN INTEGRAL 3D GRAPHENE-CARBON-METAL HYBRID FOAM-BASED ELECTRODE
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,199,637Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 (B) Schematic drawing illustrating the processes for producing conventional paper, mat, film, and membrane of simply aggregated graphite or NGP …
FIG.2 Schematic of a prior art lithium metal battery cell.. FI G.3(A) Schematic of a graphene foam having pores and graphene pore walls. 22
FIG.3(B) The graphene-metal hybrid foam containing a lithium- or sodium-attracting metal residing in the pores (e.g. coated on pore walls) of the foam.
FIG.4 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
FIG.5(B) Thermal conductivity values of the GO suspension-derived foam, sacrificial plastic bead- templated GO foam, and hydrothermally reduced GO graphene foam …
FIG.6 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and GF (graphene fluoride) as a function of the specific gravity.
FIG.7 Thermal conductivity values of graphene foam samples derived from GO and pristine graphene as a function of the final (maximum) heat treatment …
FIG.8(A) Inter-graphene plane spacing in graphene foam walls as measured by X-ray diffraction;
FIG.9(A) Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. energy density) of two sets of lithium metal cells: (a) first cell containing nitrogen-doped graphene-metal …
FIG. 10 The battery cell capacity decay curves of two sodium metal cells: one cell containing a pristine graphene-metal (Mg) foam and a sheet of Na foil as the …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An alkali metal battery comprising an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte in ionic contact with said anode and said cathode, and an optional porous separator electronically separating said anode and said cathode, wherein said anode comprises a graphene-metal hybrid foam 5 composed of multiple pores, pore walls, and a lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal residing in said pores or deposited on said pore walls; wherein said lithium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Na, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, and an alloy thereof for a lithium metal battery, or said sodium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Li, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, 10 V, Cr, and an alloy thereof for a sodium metal battery, and is in an amount of 0.1% to 90% of the total hybrid foam weight, and said pore walls contain single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets, wherein said few-layer graphene sheets have 2-10 layers of stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d oo 2 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction and said single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets contain a pristine graphene 15 material having essentially zero % of non-carbon elements, or a non-pristine graphene material having 0.001 % to 25 % by weight of non-carbon elements wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from the group comprising graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, and a 20 combination thereof.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, further comprising an additional separate, discrete anode current collector in contact with said anode, and/or a separate, discrete cathode current collector in contact with said cathode.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said cathode comprises a graphene foam composed of multiple pores and pore walls, wherein said pore walls contain single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets, wherein said few-layer graphene sheets have 2-10 layers of stacked graphene planes having an inter-plane spacing d oo 2 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction and said single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets contain a pristine graphene material having essentially zero % of non-carbon elements, or a non- 65 pristine graphene material having 0.001 % to 25 % by weight of non-carbon elements wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, or a 5 combination thereof.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a density from 0.005 to 1.7 g/cm 3, a specific surface area from 50 to 3,200 SVG 15175775.08-05-2016.IRHY₉₄D₄RXEAPX4.CLM.2.8.725.1028.827.1084.svg 0.187 0.34 Chemistry Black and white a thermal conductivity of at least 200 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 2,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a pristine graphene and said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a density from 0.1 to 1.7 g/cm 3, an average pore size from 2 nm to 50 nm, and a specific surface area from 300 m2/g to 3,200 SVG 15175775.08-05-2016.IRHY₉₄D₄RXEAPX4.CLM.2.13.659.1485.753.1541.svg 0.187 0.313 Chemistry Black and white
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a non-pristine graphene material and wherein said foam contains a content of non-carbon elements in the range of 0.01% to 20 % by weight and said non-carbon elements include an element selected from oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, nitrogen, hydrogen, or boron.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said battery is in a continuous-length filament, wire, or sheet form having a thickness or diameter from 200 nm to 10 cm.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has an oxygen content or non-carbon content less than 1 % by weight, and said pore walls have an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.35 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 250 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 2,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has an oxygen content or non-carbon content less than 0.01 % by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter-graphene 66 spacing less than 0.34 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 300 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has an oxygen content or non-carbon content no greater than 5 0.01 % by weight and said pore walls contain stacked graphene planes having an inter- graphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a thermal conductivity of at least 350 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity no less than 3,500 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has pore walls containing stacked graphene planes having an intergraphene spacing less than 0.336 nm, a thermal conductivity greater than 400 W/mK per unit of specific gravity, and/or an electrical conductivity greater than 4,000 S/cm per unit of specific gravity.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein the pore walls contain stacked graphene planes 15 having an inter-graphene spacing less than 0.337 nm and a mosaic spread value less than 1.0.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said pore walls contain a 3D network of interconnected graphene planes.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a physical density higher than 0.8 g/cm 3 and a specific 20 surface area greater than 800 SVG 15175775.08-05-2016.IRHY₉₄D₄RXEAPX4.CLM.3.20.966.2163.1059.2219.svg 0.187 0.31 Chemistry Black and white.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam, when measured without said metal, has a physical density higher than 1.0 g/cm 3 and a specific surface area greater than 500 m 2/g.
The alkali metal battery of claim 1, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam is pre-loaded with lithium or sodium before the battery is made, or the anode further comprises a lithium source or a sodium source. 67
An alkali metal battery electrode comprising a graphene-metal hybrid foam composed of multiple pores, pore walls, and a lithium-attracting metal or sodium-attracting metal residing in said pores or deposited on said pore walls; wherein said lithium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Na, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, and 10 an alloy thereof for a lithium metal battery, or said sodium-attracting metal is selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Mg, Zn, Ti, Li, K, Al, Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Sn, V, Cr, and an alloy thereof for a sodium metal battery, and is in an amount of 0.1 % to 50 % of the total hybrid foam weight, and said pore walls contain single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets, wherein said few-layer graphene sheets have 2-10 layers of stacked graphene planes having 15 an inter-plane spacing d 002 from 0.3354 nm to 0.40 nm as measured by X-ray diffraction and said single-layer or few-layer graphene sheets contain a pristine graphene material having essentially zero % of non-carbon elements, or a non-pristine graphene material having 0.001 % to 25 % by weight of non-carbon elements wherein said non-pristine graphene is selected from a group consisting of graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, graphene 20 fluoride, graphene chloride, graphene bromide, graphene iodide, hydrogenated graphene, nitrogenated graphene, doped graphene, chemically functionalized graphene, and a combination thereof.
An alkali metal battery having a cathode, an anode comprising the electrode of claim 18, a porous separator electronically separating said anode and said cathode, and/or an electrolyte in ionic contact with said anode and said cathode, wherein said graphene-metal hybrid foam is pre-loaded, prior to battery fabrication, with lithium or sodium to an extent that a weight ratio of said lithium to said lithium-attracting metal or a weight ratio of said sodium to said sodium-attracting metal is from 1/100 to 100/1. 68
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
alkali metal battery
alkali metal battery electrode
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene-metal hybrid foam
pristine graphene
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG.4 (C) Electrical conductivity data for the GO suspension-derived foam produced by the presently invented process and the hydrothermally reduced GO graphene …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
inter-plane spacing d002 of few-layer graphene in pore walls (2-10 layers) | 0.3354–0.4 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claim 8, <0.35 nm) | ≤ 0.35 nm |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Lithium Battery Anode Containing Silicon Nanowires Formed in situ in Pores of Graphene Foam
ALKALI METAL BATTERY HAVING AN INTEGRAL 3D GRAPHENE-CARBON-METAL HYBRID FOAM-BASED ELECTRODE
non-pristine graphene
lithium or sodium metal/alloy
lithium-attracting or sodium-attracting metal
FIG.9(A) Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. energy density) of two sets of lithium metal cells: (a) first cell containing nitrogen-doped graphene-metal …
graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claim 9, <0.34 nm) | ≤ 0.34 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claims 10 and 11, <0.336 nm) | ≤ 0.336 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claim 12, <0.337 nm) with mosaic spread <1.0 | ≤ 0.337 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
Temperature | 1500–2500 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–300 °C | — |
Duration | 15–120 s | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s | — |
Duration | 0.5–96 hours | — |
Temperature | 150–300 °C | — |
Duration | 0.2–1 hour | — |
Temperature | 39–40 °C | — |
Temperature | 130–230 °C | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 hours | — |
Duration | 48–72 hours | — |
— | 250–500 W | — |
Pressure | 13–34.5 MPa | — |
Temperature | 200–400 °C | — |
Temperature | 150–250 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–1500 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.2 nm | — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 0.5–2 hours | — |
Temperature | 800–1050 °C | — |
Duration | 5–16 hours | — |
Temperature | 80–350 °C | — |
Duration | 1–8 hours | — |
Temperature | 1500–2850 °C | — |
Duration | 48–96 hours | — |
Duration | 10–100 minutes | — |
Temperature | 80–500 °C | — |
Duration | 1–5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–10 hours | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–350 °C | — |
Temperature | 3000–3250 °C | — |
Temperature | 400–700 °C | — |
Duration | 7–8 hours | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.344 nm | — |
Pressure | ≤ 1 torr | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.4 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 70 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 80 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 300 °C | — |
— | ≥ 350 W | — |
— | ≥ 400 W | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Duration | ≥ 15 minutes | — |
Thickness | 200–100000000 nm | — |
— | ≥ 200 W | — |
— | ≥ 250 W | — |
— | ≥ 300 W | — |
Thickness | 0.337–0.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–200 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–40 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–30 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–25 nm | — |
Temperature | 300–1500 °C | — |
Temperature | 1500–2100 °C | — |
Temperature | 2100–3200 °C | — |
Temperature | 1500–3200 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 40 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 500 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 10 cm | — |
Duration | ≥ 1 hour | — |
— | ≥ 150 W | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2100 °C | — |
non-pristine graphene
lithium or sodium metal/alloy
lithium-attracting or sodium-attracting metal
FIG.9(A) Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. energy density) of two sets of lithium metal cells: (a) first cell containing nitrogen-doped graphene-metal …
graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claim 9, <0.34 nm) | ≤ 0.34 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claims 10 and 11, <0.336 nm) | ≤ 0.336 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claim 12, <0.337 nm) with mosaic spread <1.0 | ≤ 0.337 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
Temperature | 1500–2500 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–300 °C | — |
Duration | 15–120 s | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s | — |
Duration | 0.5–96 hours | — |
Temperature | 150–300 °C | — |
Duration | 0.2–1 hour | — |
Temperature | 39–40 °C | — |
Temperature | 130–230 °C | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 hours | — |
Duration | 48–72 hours | — |
— | 250–500 W | — |
Pressure | 13–34.5 MPa | — |
Temperature | 200–400 °C | — |
Temperature | 150–250 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–1500 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.2 nm | — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 0.5–2 hours | — |
Temperature | 800–1050 °C | — |
Duration | 5–16 hours | — |
Temperature | 80–350 °C | — |
Duration | 1–8 hours | — |
Temperature | 1500–2850 °C | — |
Duration | 48–96 hours | — |
Duration | 10–100 minutes | — |
Temperature | 80–500 °C | — |
Duration | 1–5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–10 hours | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–350 °C | — |
Temperature | 3000–3250 °C | — |
Temperature | 400–700 °C | — |
Duration | 7–8 hours | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.344 nm | — |
Pressure | ≤ 1 torr | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.4 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 70 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 80 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 300 °C | — |
— | ≥ 350 W | — |
— | ≥ 400 W | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Duration | ≥ 15 minutes | — |
Thickness | 200–100000000 nm | — |
— | ≥ 200 W | — |
— | ≥ 250 W | — |
— | ≥ 300 W | — |
Thickness | 0.337–0.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–200 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–40 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–30 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–25 nm | — |
Temperature | 300–1500 °C | — |
Temperature | 1500–2100 °C | — |
Temperature | 2100–3200 °C | — |
Temperature | 1500–3200 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 40 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 500 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 10 cm | — |
Duration | ≥ 1 hour | — |
— | ≥ 150 W | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2100 °C | — |
non-pristine graphene
lithium or sodium metal/alloy
lithium-attracting or sodium-attracting metal
FIG.9(A) Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. energy density) of two sets of lithium metal cells: (a) first cell containing nitrogen-doped graphene-metal …
graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claim 9, <0.34 nm) | ≤ 0.34 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claims 10 and 11, <0.336 nm) | ≤ 0.336 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claim 12, <0.337 nm) with mosaic spread <1.0 | ≤ 0.337 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
Temperature | 1500–2500 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–300 °C | — |
Duration | 15–120 s | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s | — |
Duration | 0.5–96 hours | — |
Temperature | 150–300 °C | — |
Duration | 0.2–1 hour | — |
Temperature | 39–40 °C | — |
Temperature | 130–230 °C | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 hours | — |
Duration | 48–72 hours | — |
— | 250–500 W | — |
Pressure | 13–34.5 MPa | — |
Temperature | 200–400 °C | — |
Temperature | 150–250 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–1500 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.2 nm | — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 0.5–2 hours | — |
Temperature | 800–1050 °C | — |
Duration | 5–16 hours | — |
Temperature | 80–350 °C | — |
Duration | 1–8 hours | — |
Temperature | 1500–2850 °C | — |
Duration | 48–96 hours | — |
Duration | 10–100 minutes | — |
Temperature | 80–500 °C | — |
Duration | 1–5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–10 hours | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–350 °C | — |
Temperature | 3000–3250 °C | — |
Temperature | 400–700 °C | — |
Duration | 7–8 hours | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.344 nm | — |
Pressure | ≤ 1 torr | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.4 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 70 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 80 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 300 °C | — |
— | ≥ 350 W | — |
— | ≥ 400 W | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Duration | ≥ 15 minutes | — |
Thickness | 200–100000000 nm | — |
— | ≥ 200 W | — |
— | ≥ 250 W | — |
— | ≥ 300 W | — |
Thickness | 0.337–0.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–200 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–40 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–30 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–25 nm | — |
Temperature | 300–1500 °C | — |
Temperature | 1500–2100 °C | — |
Temperature | 2100–3200 °C | — |
Temperature | 1500–3200 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 40 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 500 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 10 cm | — |
Duration | ≥ 1 hour | — |
— | ≥ 150 W | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2100 °C | — |
non-pristine graphene
lithium or sodium metal/alloy
lithium-attracting or sodium-attracting metal
FIG.9(A) Ragone plots (gravimetric power density vs. energy density) of two sets of lithium metal cells: (a) first cell containing nitrogen-doped graphene-metal …
graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claim 9, <0.34 nm) | ≤ 0.34 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claims 10 and 11, <0.336 nm) | ≤ 0.336 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
inter-graphene spacing of foam pore walls (claim 12, <0.337 nm) with mosaic spread <1.0 | ≤ 0.337 nm | graphene-metal hybrid foam |
Temperature | 1500–2500 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–300 °C | — |
Duration | 15–120 s | — |
Duration | 900–7200 s | — |
Duration | 0.5–96 hours | — |
Temperature | 150–300 °C | — |
Duration | 0.2–1 hour | — |
Temperature | 39–40 °C | — |
Temperature | 130–230 °C | — |
Duration | 0.5–5 hours | — |
Duration | 48–72 hours | — |
— | 250–500 W | — |
Pressure | 13–34.5 MPa | — |
Temperature | 200–400 °C | — |
Temperature | 150–250 °C | — |
Temperature | 80–1500 °C | — |
Thickness | 0.6–1.2 nm | — |
Duration | 1–4 hours | — |
Duration | 1–2 hours | — |
Duration | 0.5–2 hours | — |
Temperature | 800–1050 °C | — |
Duration | 5–16 hours | — |
Temperature | 80–350 °C | — |
Duration | 1–8 hours | — |
Temperature | 1500–2850 °C | — |
Duration | 48–96 hours | — |
Duration | 10–100 minutes | — |
Temperature | 80–500 °C | — |
Duration | 1–5 hours | — |
Duration | 1–10 hours | — |
Thickness | 2–50 nm | — |
Temperature | 200–350 °C | — |
Temperature | 3000–3250 °C | — |
Temperature | 400–700 °C | — |
Duration | 7–8 hours | — |
Temperature | ≤ 2500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.344 nm | — |
Pressure | ≤ 1 torr | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.4 nm | — |
Temperature | ≤ 70 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 80 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 300 °C | — |
— | ≥ 350 W | — |
— | ≥ 400 W | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1500 °C | — |
Thickness | ≥ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 1 nm | — |
Duration | ≥ 15 minutes | — |
Thickness | 200–100000000 nm | — |
— | ≥ 200 W | — |
— | ≥ 250 W | — |
— | ≥ 300 W | — |
Thickness | 0.337–0.4 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–200 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–40 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–30 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–25 nm | — |
Temperature | 300–1500 °C | — |
Temperature | 1500–2100 °C | — |
Temperature | 2100–3200 °C | — |
Temperature | 1500–3200 °C | — |
Thickness | ≤ 1 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 20 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 40 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 500 nm | — |
Thickness | ≥ 10 cm | — |
Duration | ≥ 1 hour | — |
— | ≥ 150 W | — |
Temperature | ≥ 2100 °C | — |