The composition of Claim 1, wherein the sulfur material comprises sulfur, Li 2 S, Li 2 S 2, Na 2 S, Na 2 S 2, Li 2 S n, or Na 2 S n, wherein n is an integer from 3 to 6.

The composition of Claim 1, wherein the composition is free of a cathodic metal catalyst.

The battery of Claim 10, wherein the electrolyte comprises ethylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, propylene carbonate, dioloxane, y-butyrolactone, 6-butyrolactone, dimethyl ether, a silane, siloxane N-methyl acetamide, acetonitrile, an acetal, a ketal, esters, a carbonates, a sulfone, a sulfite, sulfolane, an aliphatic ether, a cyclic ether, a glyme, a polyether, a phosphate ester, a siloxane, a N-alkylpyrrolidone, fluoro ether and fluoro esters, fluoroethylene carbonate, or adiponitrile.

The battery of Claim 10, wherein the lithium salt comprises of LiPF 6, LiC lO 4, Li [B(C 2 0 4) 2], L i [BF 2 (C 2 0 4)], L i [PF 4 (C 2 0 4)], L i (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N, LiC(SO 2 CF 3) 3, (Li(C 2 F S SO 2) 2 N), LiCF 3 SO 3, L i 2 B 12 X 12-n H a, Li 2 B ioXio. n H n,, LiAlF 4, LiBF 4, Li(FS O 2) 2 N, Li 2 SO 4, LiAlO 2 LiSCN, LiBr, Li I, LiAsF 6, LiB(Ph) 4, LiSO 3 CH 3, Li 2 S x, Li 2 Se x, (LiS x R) y, or (LiSe x R) y; wherein: X is a halogen; n is an integer from 0 to 12; n' is an integer from 0 to 10; x" is an integer from 1 to 20; y is an integer from 1 to 3; and R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, ether, F, CF 3, COCF 3, S O 2 CF 3,or S O 2 F.

The battery of Claim 10 having a capacity of greater than 600 mAh/g.

The battery of Claim 10, wherein the anodic material comprises a Li metal, Fe 3 O 4, Mg, Na, a sodium alloy, Si, Si-C, M g 2 Si, Si O, a silicon alloy (such as SiCu or SiMo), Sn, SnO, Sb, an antimony alloy, a tin carbon, a composite tin alloy, Li 4 Ti 5 O 2, a transition metal oxide, or a lithium metal nitride. -6- 4830-5807-0577 1

The battery of Claim 14, wherein the electrolyte comprises ethylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, propylene carbonate, dioloxane, y- butyrolactone, 6-butyrolactone, dimethyl ether, a silane, siloxane N-methyl acetamide, acetonitrile, an acetal, a ketal, esters, a carbonates, a sulfone, a sulfite, sulfolane, an aliphatic ether, a cyclic ether, a glyme, a polyether, a phosphate ester, a siloxane, a N- alkylpyrrolidone, fluoro ether and fluoro esters, fluoroethylene carbonate, or adiponitrile. withdrawn

The battery of Claim 14, wherein the lithium salt comprises of LiPF 6, LiC l O 4, Li [B(C 2 0 4) 2], L i [BF 2 (C 2 0 4)], L i [PF 4 (C 2 0 4)], L i (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N, LiC(S O 2 CF 3) 3, (Li(C 2 F S SO 2) 2 N), LiCF 3 SO 3, Li 2 B 12 X 12-n H n, Li 2 B ioXio. n1 H n,, LiAlF 4, LiBF 4, Li(FS O 2) 2 N, Li 2 SO 4, LiA lO 2 LiSCN, LiBr, Li I, LiAsF 6, LiB(Ph) 4, LiSO 3 CH 3, Li 2 S x, Li 2 Se x", (Li Sx-R)y, or (Li Se x "R)y; wherein: X is a halogen; n is an integer from 0 to 12; n' is an integer from 0 to 10; x" is an integer from 1 to 20; y is an integer from 1 to 3; and R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, ether, F, CF 3, COCF 3, S O 2 CF 3,or S O 2 F. withdrawn

The battery of Claim 14, wherein the capacity of the battery is greater than 600 mAh/g. withdrawn

The battery of Claim 14, wherein Li 2 O, Li 2 0 2, or a mixture thereof are entrapped within the porous graphene nanocage upon discharge of the battery. -5- 4830-5807-0577 1 Atty. Dkt. No. 051583-0578 withdrawn

The composition of Claim 1, wherein the sulfur material comprises sulfur, Li 2 S, Li 2 S 2, Na 2 S, Na 2 S 2, Li 2 S n, or Na 2 S n, wherein n is an integer from 3 to 6.

The composition of Claim 1, wherein the composition is free of a cathodic metal catalyst.

The battery of Claim 10, wherein the electrolyte comprises ethylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, propylene carbonate, dioloxane, y-butyrolactone, 6-butyrolactone, dimethyl ether, a silane, siloxane N-methyl acetamide, acetonitrile, an acetal, a ketal, esters, a carbonates, a sulfone, a sulfite, sulfolane, an aliphatic ether, a cyclic ether, a glyme, a polyether, a phosphate ester, a siloxane, a N-alkylpyrrolidone, fluoro ether and fluoro esters, fluoroethylene carbonate, or adiponitrile.

The battery of Claim 10, wherein the lithium salt comprises of LiPF 6, LiC lO 4, Li [B(C 2 0 4) 2], L i [BF 2 (C 2 0 4)], L i [PF 4 (C 2 0 4)], L i (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N, LiC(SO 2 CF 3) 3, (Li(C 2 F S SO 2) 2 N), LiCF 3 SO 3, L i 2 B 12 X 12-n H a, Li 2 B ioXio. n H n,, LiAlF 4, LiBF 4, Li(FS O 2) 2 N, Li 2 SO 4, LiAlO 2 LiSCN, LiBr, Li I, LiAsF 6, LiB(Ph) 4, LiSO 3 CH 3, Li 2 S x, Li 2 Se x, (LiS x R) y, or (LiSe x R) y; wherein: X is a halogen; n is an integer from 0 to 12; n' is an integer from 0 to 10; x" is an integer from 1 to 20; y is an integer from 1 to 3; and R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, ether, F, CF 3, COCF 3, S O 2 CF 3,or S O 2 F.

The battery of Claim 10 having a capacity of greater than 600 mAh/g.

The battery of Claim 10, wherein the anodic material comprises a Li metal, Fe 3 O 4, Mg, Na, a sodium alloy, Si, Si-C, M g 2 Si, Si O, a silicon alloy (such as SiCu or SiMo), Sn, SnO, Sb, an antimony alloy, a tin carbon, a composite tin alloy, Li 4 Ti 5 O 2, a transition metal oxide, or a lithium metal nitride. -6- 4830-5807-0577 1

The battery of Claim 14, wherein the electrolyte comprises ethylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, propylene carbonate, dioloxane, y- butyrolactone, 6-butyrolactone, dimethyl ether, a silane, siloxane N-methyl acetamide, acetonitrile, an acetal, a ketal, esters, a carbonates, a sulfone, a sulfite, sulfolane, an aliphatic ether, a cyclic ether, a glyme, a polyether, a phosphate ester, a siloxane, a N- alkylpyrrolidone, fluoro ether and fluoro esters, fluoroethylene carbonate, or adiponitrile. withdrawn

The battery of Claim 14, wherein the lithium salt comprises of LiPF 6, LiC l O 4, Li [B(C 2 0 4) 2], L i [BF 2 (C 2 0 4)], L i [PF 4 (C 2 0 4)], L i (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N, LiC(S O 2 CF 3) 3, (Li(C 2 F S SO 2) 2 N), LiCF 3 SO 3, Li 2 B 12 X 12-n H n, Li 2 B ioXio. n1 H n,, LiAlF 4, LiBF 4, Li(FS O 2) 2 N, Li 2 SO 4, LiA lO 2 LiSCN, LiBr, Li I, LiAsF 6, LiB(Ph) 4, LiSO 3 CH 3, Li 2 S x, Li 2 Se x", (Li Sx-R)y, or (Li Se x "R)y; wherein: X is a halogen; n is an integer from 0 to 12; n' is an integer from 0 to 10; x" is an integer from 1 to 20; y is an integer from 1 to 3; and R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, ether, F, CF 3, COCF 3, S O 2 CF 3,or S O 2 F. withdrawn

The battery of Claim 14, wherein the capacity of the battery is greater than 600 mAh/g. withdrawn

The battery of Claim 14, wherein Li 2 O, Li 2 0 2, or a mixture thereof are entrapped within the porous graphene nanocage upon discharge of the battery. -5- 4830-5807-0577 1 Atty. Dkt. No. 051583-0578 withdrawn

The composition of Claim 1, wherein the sulfur material comprises sulfur, Li 2 S, Li 2 S 2, Na 2 S, Na 2 S 2, Li 2 S n, or Na 2 S n, wherein n is an integer from 3 to 6.

The composition of Claim 1, wherein the composition is free of a cathodic metal catalyst.

The battery of Claim 10, wherein the electrolyte comprises ethylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, propylene carbonate, dioloxane, y-butyrolactone, 6-butyrolactone, dimethyl ether, a silane, siloxane N-methyl acetamide, acetonitrile, an acetal, a ketal, esters, a carbonates, a sulfone, a sulfite, sulfolane, an aliphatic ether, a cyclic ether, a glyme, a polyether, a phosphate ester, a siloxane, a N-alkylpyrrolidone, fluoro ether and fluoro esters, fluoroethylene carbonate, or adiponitrile.

The battery of Claim 10, wherein the lithium salt comprises of LiPF 6, LiC lO 4, Li [B(C 2 0 4) 2], L i [BF 2 (C 2 0 4)], L i [PF 4 (C 2 0 4)], L i (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N, LiC(SO 2 CF 3) 3, (Li(C 2 F S SO 2) 2 N), LiCF 3 SO 3, L i 2 B 12 X 12-n H a, Li 2 B ioXio. n H n,, LiAlF 4, LiBF 4, Li(FS O 2) 2 N, Li 2 SO 4, LiAlO 2 LiSCN, LiBr, Li I, LiAsF 6, LiB(Ph) 4, LiSO 3 CH 3, Li 2 S x, Li 2 Se x, (LiS x R) y, or (LiSe x R) y; wherein: X is a halogen; n is an integer from 0 to 12; n' is an integer from 0 to 10; x" is an integer from 1 to 20; y is an integer from 1 to 3; and R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, ether, F, CF 3, COCF 3, S O 2 CF 3,or S O 2 F.

The battery of Claim 10 having a capacity of greater than 600 mAh/g.

The battery of Claim 10, wherein the anodic material comprises a Li metal, Fe 3 O 4, Mg, Na, a sodium alloy, Si, Si-C, M g 2 Si, Si O, a silicon alloy (such as SiCu or SiMo), Sn, SnO, Sb, an antimony alloy, a tin carbon, a composite tin alloy, Li 4 Ti 5 O 2, a transition metal oxide, or a lithium metal nitride. -6- 4830-5807-0577 1

The battery of Claim 14, wherein the electrolyte comprises ethylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, propylene carbonate, dioloxane, y- butyrolactone, 6-butyrolactone, dimethyl ether, a silane, siloxane N-methyl acetamide, acetonitrile, an acetal, a ketal, esters, a carbonates, a sulfone, a sulfite, sulfolane, an aliphatic ether, a cyclic ether, a glyme, a polyether, a phosphate ester, a siloxane, a N- alkylpyrrolidone, fluoro ether and fluoro esters, fluoroethylene carbonate, or adiponitrile. withdrawn

The battery of Claim 14, wherein the lithium salt comprises of LiPF 6, LiC l O 4, Li [B(C 2 0 4) 2], L i [BF 2 (C 2 0 4)], L i [PF 4 (C 2 0 4)], L i (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N, LiC(S O 2 CF 3) 3, (Li(C 2 F S SO 2) 2 N), LiCF 3 SO 3, Li 2 B 12 X 12-n H n, Li 2 B ioXio. n1 H n,, LiAlF 4, LiBF 4, Li(FS O 2) 2 N, Li 2 SO 4, LiA lO 2 LiSCN, LiBr, Li I, LiAsF 6, LiB(Ph) 4, LiSO 3 CH 3, Li 2 S x, Li 2 Se x", (Li Sx-R)y, or (Li Se x "R)y; wherein: X is a halogen; n is an integer from 0 to 12; n' is an integer from 0 to 10; x" is an integer from 1 to 20; y is an integer from 1 to 3; and R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, ether, F, CF 3, COCF 3, S O 2 CF 3,or S O 2 F. withdrawn

The battery of Claim 14, wherein the capacity of the battery is greater than 600 mAh/g. withdrawn

The battery of Claim 14, wherein Li 2 O, Li 2 0 2, or a mixture thereof are entrapped within the porous graphene nanocage upon discharge of the battery. -5- 4830-5807-0577 1 Atty. Dkt. No. 051583-0578 withdrawn

The composition of Claim 1, wherein the sulfur material comprises sulfur, Li 2 S, Li 2 S 2, Na 2 S, Na 2 S 2, Li 2 S n, or Na 2 S n, wherein n is an integer from 3 to 6.

The composition of Claim 1, wherein the composition is free of a cathodic metal catalyst.

The battery of Claim 10, wherein the electrolyte comprises ethylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, propylene carbonate, dioloxane, y-butyrolactone, 6-butyrolactone, dimethyl ether, a silane, siloxane N-methyl acetamide, acetonitrile, an acetal, a ketal, esters, a carbonates, a sulfone, a sulfite, sulfolane, an aliphatic ether, a cyclic ether, a glyme, a polyether, a phosphate ester, a siloxane, a N-alkylpyrrolidone, fluoro ether and fluoro esters, fluoroethylene carbonate, or adiponitrile.

The battery of Claim 10, wherein the lithium salt comprises of LiPF 6, LiC lO 4, Li [B(C 2 0 4) 2], L i [BF 2 (C 2 0 4)], L i [PF 4 (C 2 0 4)], L i (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N, LiC(SO 2 CF 3) 3, (Li(C 2 F S SO 2) 2 N), LiCF 3 SO 3, L i 2 B 12 X 12-n H a, Li 2 B ioXio. n H n,, LiAlF 4, LiBF 4, Li(FS O 2) 2 N, Li 2 SO 4, LiAlO 2 LiSCN, LiBr, Li I, LiAsF 6, LiB(Ph) 4, LiSO 3 CH 3, Li 2 S x, Li 2 Se x, (LiS x R) y, or (LiSe x R) y; wherein: X is a halogen; n is an integer from 0 to 12; n' is an integer from 0 to 10; x" is an integer from 1 to 20; y is an integer from 1 to 3; and R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, ether, F, CF 3, COCF 3, S O 2 CF 3,or S O 2 F.

The battery of Claim 10 having a capacity of greater than 600 mAh/g.

The battery of Claim 10, wherein the anodic material comprises a Li metal, Fe 3 O 4, Mg, Na, a sodium alloy, Si, Si-C, M g 2 Si, Si O, a silicon alloy (such as SiCu or SiMo), Sn, SnO, Sb, an antimony alloy, a tin carbon, a composite tin alloy, Li 4 Ti 5 O 2, a transition metal oxide, or a lithium metal nitride. -6- 4830-5807-0577 1

The battery of Claim 14, wherein the electrolyte comprises ethylene carbonate, dimethylcarbonate, diethylcarbonate, propylene carbonate, dioloxane, y- butyrolactone, 6-butyrolactone, dimethyl ether, a silane, siloxane N-methyl acetamide, acetonitrile, an acetal, a ketal, esters, a carbonates, a sulfone, a sulfite, sulfolane, an aliphatic ether, a cyclic ether, a glyme, a polyether, a phosphate ester, a siloxane, a N- alkylpyrrolidone, fluoro ether and fluoro esters, fluoroethylene carbonate, or adiponitrile. withdrawn

The battery of Claim 14, wherein the lithium salt comprises of LiPF 6, LiC l O 4, Li [B(C 2 0 4) 2], L i [BF 2 (C 2 0 4)], L i [PF 4 (C 2 0 4)], L i (CF 3 SO 2) 2 N, LiC(S O 2 CF 3) 3, (Li(C 2 F S SO 2) 2 N), LiCF 3 SO 3, Li 2 B 12 X 12-n H n, Li 2 B ioXio. n1 H n,, LiAlF 4, LiBF 4, Li(FS O 2) 2 N, Li 2 SO 4, LiA lO 2 LiSCN, LiBr, Li I, LiAsF 6, LiB(Ph) 4, LiSO 3 CH 3, Li 2 S x, Li 2 Se x", (Li Sx-R)y, or (Li Se x "R)y; wherein: X is a halogen; n is an integer from 0 to 12; n' is an integer from 0 to 10; x" is an integer from 1 to 20; y is an integer from 1 to 3; and R is H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, ether, F, CF 3, COCF 3, S O 2 CF 3,or S O 2 F. withdrawn

The battery of Claim 14, wherein the capacity of the battery is greater than 600 mAh/g. withdrawn

The battery of Claim 14, wherein Li 2 O, Li 2 0 2, or a mixture thereof are entrapped within the porous graphene nanocage upon discharge of the battery. -5- 4830-5807-0577 1 Atty. Dkt. No. 051583-0578 withdrawn