GRAPHITE/HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE BIMATERIALS FOR ELECTRIC PROPULSION

Celia S. Chari; Katherine T. Faber; Bryan W. McEnerney; Richard R. Hofer; James A. Wollmershauser; Edward P. Gorzkowski

Patent

Atlas literature

Patent

US 12,345,243 B2

GRAPHITE/HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE BIMATERIALS FOR ELECTRIC PROPULSION

Celia S. Chari, Katherine T. Faber, Bryan W. McEnerney, Richard R. Hofer et al.

California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA (US), The Government of the United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of the Navy, Arlington, VA (US)·Jul. 1, 2025·US

Drawings

Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.

FIG. 1

FIG. 1A: Illustration showing the conversion of graphite into h-BN by both liquid-phase B₂O₃ from melted precursor powders (bottom) and by vapor-phase B₂O₃ …

FIG. 2

FIG. 2: Single-edge notched beam test specimen used on the bimaterial to investigate the interfacial fracture tough- ness of graphite/h-BN.

FIG. 3

FIG. 3B. SEM micrograph of h-BN layer grown at (

FIG. 4

process measurement curve

FIG. 4C.

FIG. 5

process measurement curve

FIG. 5. Nitride capacity as a function of temperature, 5 showing that chemical dissolution of nitrogen in the melt is favored in Region III. Inset shows …

FIG. 6

FIG. 6A: Microstructure of h-BN layer of bimaterials 10 synthesized at 1650° C. or 1700° C., showing surface of h-BN layers that grew from vapor-phase B₂O₃ …

FIG. 7

FIG. 7B) developed 25 h-BN. On the right are SEM micrographs (top) and EDS maps (bottom) showing the interface of cross-sectioned samples synthesized at 1700° …

FIG. 8

process measurement curve

FIG. 8A: XRD of bimaterials synthesized under equiva- lent temperature proﬁles in ﬂowing argon and nitrogen, 30 demonstrating boron carbide formation in the …

FIG. 9

FIG. 9D: SEM-EDS maps of the mode I fracture surfaces, conﬁrming that failure occurred through the porous h-BN layer.

FIG. 10

process measurement curve

FIG. 10C.

FIG. 11

process measurement curve

FIG. 11A: Weight % of vapor-phase CO, BO, B, B₂O₃ and N₂ as a function of temperature, showing three distinct regions largely populated by N2, CO, and B₂O₃ …

FIG. 12

FIG. 12B) devel- oped h-BN. Insets show photographs of the surface of graphite/h-BN bimaterials. 65

FIG. 13

FIG. 13D: Mode I fracture surface of sample synthesized at 1700° C. for 18 h, revealing large pores (>20 µm) within the h-BN layer.

FIG. 14

FIGS. 14A-14B: XRD spectra of bimaterials (both unwashed and washed) synthesized at 1700 C for 18 h in (

FIG. 15

FIG. 15: Set-up of H₉C thruster and mounted samples showing thruster exposure (left) and downstream exposure (right).

FIG. 16

FIG. 16: Weight loss (%) of coupons exposed to stagnant air at temperatures ranging from 200° C. to 1000° C., showing coupons of graphite („), h-BN (u), and …

FIG. 17

FIG. 17: Optical microscope images of cross-sectioned samples developed from liquid-phase B₂O3, showing: ref- erence, sample after thruster exposure, sample …

FIG. 18

FIG. 18: SEM-EDS maps showing elemental composition of cross-sectioned samples synthesized from liquid-phase carbothermic reaction. Maps show h-BN layer …

FIG. 19

FIG. 19A.

FIG. 20

FIG. 20: SEM-EDS maps showing elemental composition of h-BN surfaces, synthesized from liquid-phase carbother- mic reactions. Corresponding XRD spectra are …

FIG. 21

FIG. 21: Optical microscope images of cross-sectioned samples developed from vapor-phase B₂O3, showing: ref- erence, sample after thruster exposure, sample …

FIG. 22

FIG. 22: SEM-EDS maps showing elemental composition of cross-sectioned samples synthesized from vapor-phase carbothermic reaction. Maps show h-BN layer …

FIG. 23

FIG. 23A.

FIG. 24

FIG. 24: SEM-EDS maps showing elemental composition of h-BN surfaces, synthesized from vapor-phase carbother- mic reaction, showing presence of h-BN („) and …

FIG. 25

FIG. 25C. As used herein, chemically bonded atoms refers to atoms chemically bonded together via ionic bond(s), covalent bond(s), metallic bond(s), …

FIG. 26

FIG. 26: A schematic illustrating coherent and semico- herent interfaces of two different materials. This schematic is based on a similar schematic from the …

FIG. 27

FIGS. 27A-27B: Schematics of exemplary Hall-effect thrusters, according to some aspects herein. Optionally, the inner discharge chamber wall comprises a …

FIG. 28

FIG. 28: Schematic of a top or head-on view of an exemplary Hall-effect thruster, according to some aspects herein. 5

FIG. 29

FIG. 29.

FIG. 30

FIG. 30: Schematic showing a portion of discharge cham- ber inner wall of an exemplary ion thruster, according to 10 some aspects herein, such as the …

FIG. 31

FIG. 31B: XRD spectrum and image of graphite/h-BN bimaterial synthesized from melt containing t-BN (50 wt %), h-BN (5.8 wt %), and B₂O₃ (44.2 wt %) at 1550° C. …

FIG. 32

FIG. 32: Bimaterial sample regions imaged before and after thermal cycle test, including examples of micrographs taken with SEM showing uneven surfaces near …

FIG. 33

FIG. 33: A map showing where various materials, includ- ing graphite and boron nitride, lie on a plot of thermal shock resistance parameter kσf/Eα vs. thermal …

Claims

Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.

18 independent · 0 dependent

1
Independent
Jacobson N, Farmer S, Moore A, Sayir H. High-tempera-ture oxidation of boron nitride: i, monolithic boron nitride. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 2004; 82(2): 393-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.1999.tb20075.x
2
Independent
Solozhenko V L, Turkevich V Z, Holzapfel W B. Reﬁned phase diagram of boron nitride. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 1999; 103(15):2903-2905.
3
Independent
Huba˜cˇek M, Ueki M, Sato T, Brožek V. High-temperature behaviour of hexagonal boron nitride. Thermochimica Acta. 1996; 282-283:359-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(96)02884-5
4
Independent
Zhang Z, Duan X, Qiu B, et al. Preparation and aniso-tropic properties of textured structural ceramics: A review. Journal of Advanced Ceramics. 2019; 8(3):289-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-019-0325-5
5
Independent
O’Connor T E. Synthesis of boron nitride. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1962; 84(9):1753-1754. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00868a065
6
Independent
Thomas J, Weston N E, O’Connor T E. Turbostratic boron nitride, thermal transformation to ordered-layer-lattice boron nitride. Journal of the American Chemical Society.
7
Independent
Medvedovski E. Preparation of boron nitride-based coat-ings through thermal diffusion process. Advances in Applied Ceramics. 2018; 117(4):221-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/17436753.2017.1397938
8
Independent
Huba´cˇek M, Ueki M. Chemical reactions in hexagonal boron nitride system. Journal of Solid State Chemistry. 1996; 123:215-222. https://doi.org/10.1006/jssc.1996.0171
9
Independent
Mashnitskii A, Andreeva T V, Dubovik T V. High-temperature graphite protective coatings. Refractories. 1971; 12(11-12):728-730. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01285611
10
Independent
Bartnitskaya T S, Vlasova M V, Lyashenko V I, Sere-bryakova T I, Timofeeva I I, Tomila T V. Formation of highly disperse boron nitride in carbothermal reduction in the presence of lithium compounds. Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 1993; 32(1):63-72. https://doi. org/10.1007/B F00559737
11
Independent
Bartnitskaya T S, Lyashenko V I, Kurdyumov A V, Ostrovskaya N F, Rogovaya I G. Effect of lithium on structure formation of graphite-like boron nitride with B₂ carbothermal synthesis. Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 1995; 33(7-8):335-340. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00559576
12
Independent
Aydogˇdu A, Sevinç N. Carbothermic formation of boron nitride. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2003; 23(16): 3153-3161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219 (03)00092-X
13
Independent
Çamurlu H E, Sevinç N, Topkaya Y. Role of boron carbide in carbothermic formation of hexagonal boron nitride. Journal of Materials Science. 2006; 41(15):4921-4927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0339-6
14
Independent
Pikalov S N. Mechanism of formation of graphitelike boron nitride in the carbothermal process. Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 1988; 27:404-406.
15
Independent
Hofer R R, Cusson S E, Lobbia R B, Gallimore A D. The H₉ Magnetically Shielded Hall Thruster. 35th Interna-tional Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC-2017-232. Altanta, GA: 2017:18.
16
Independent
Sheldon B W, Sun E Y, Nutt S R, Brennan J J. Oxidation of B N-coated SiC ﬁbers in ceramic matrix composites. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 1996; 79(2): 539-543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08163.x
17
Independent
Opila E J, Robinson R C, Verrilli M J. Borosilicate glass-induced ﬁber degradation of SiC/B N/SiC compos-ites exposed in combustion environments. International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology. 2016; 13(3):434-
442
Independent
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.12499

Device structures

Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.

electric propulsion device with graphite/h-BN bimaterial

h-BNdielectric surface layer

graphitesubstrate

Hall-effect thruster discharge chamber

h-BNinner wall dielectric layer

graphitesubstrate/structural body

Materials

Materials described outside the worked examples.

hexagonal boron nitride

h-BN

Dielectric Layer Material In Bimaterial

graphite

Substrate Material In Bimaterial

Process steps

Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.

Carbothermic Reaction

Step 1

Temperature

1650, 1700°C

Ambient

Process details

product:

Characterization

Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.

tem

TEM

FIG. 3B. SEM micrograph of h-BN layer grown at (

Figure references

FIG. 3

h-BNh-BN

sem

Reported properties

Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.

Property	Value	Material
Voltage	300–500 V	—
Temperature	200–1000 °C

Cited prior art

Patents and literature cited by this patent (applicant and examiner references).

Cited patents · 11

US 7,624,566 B17,624,566 B1 12/2009 Manzella et al.
US 8,143,788 B28,143,788 B2 3/2012 Hofer et al.
US 8,407,979 B18,407,979 B1 4/2013 Hofer
US 9,591,741 B29,591,741 B2 3/2017 Larigaldie
US 9,874,202 B29,874,202 B2 1/2018 Goebel et al.
US 10,480,493 B210,480,493 B2 11/2019 Hofer et al.
US 10,919,649 B210,919,649 B2 2/2021 Conversano et al.

Why these are connected

Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.

GRAPHITE/HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE BIMATERIALS FOR ELECTRIC PROPULSION | Matter42 Literature

Cited non-patent literature · 43

Crystallization behavior and characterization of turbostratic boron nitride. Alkoy et al. (1997) “Crystallization behavior and characterization of turbostratic boron nitride,” Journal of the European Ceramic Soci- ety. 17. 1415-1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(97)00040- X.10.1016/S0955-2219(97)00040
Carbothermic formation of boron nitride. Aydogˇdu et al. (2003) “Carbothermic formation of boron nitride,” Journal of the EuropeanCeramic Society. 23(16):3153-3161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00092-X.10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00092-X
Formation of highly disperse boron nitride in carbothermal reduction in the presence lithium com- pounds. Bartnitskaya et al. (1993) “Formation of highly disperse boron nitride in carbothermal reduction in the presence lithium com- pounds,” Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 32(1):63-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00559737.10.1007/BF00559737
Effect oﬂithium on structure formation of graphite-like boron nitride with carbothermal synthesis. Bartnitskaya et al. (1995) “Effect oﬂithium on structure formation of graphite-like boron nitride with carbothermal synthesis,” Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 33(7-8):335-340.https://doi.org/10. 1007/BF00559576. CÈamurlu et al. (2006) “Role of boron carbide in carbothermic formation ofhexagonal boron nitride,” Journal of Materials Science. 41(15):4921-4927.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0339-6. Chari (2023) “Degradation of Ceramic Surfaces and its Mitigation: From Electric Propulsion to Cultural Heritage,” Dissertation (Ph. D.), California Institute of Technology. DOI: 10.7907/22st-q436.10.1007/s10853-006-0339-6
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Cited non-patent literature · 43

Crystallization behavior and characterization of turbostratic boron nitride. Alkoy et al. (1997) “Crystallization behavior and characterization of turbostratic boron nitride,” Journal of the European Ceramic Soci- ety. 17. 1415-1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(97)00040- X.10.1016/S0955-2219(97)00040
Carbothermic formation of boron nitride. Aydogˇdu et al. (2003) “Carbothermic formation of boron nitride,” Journal of the EuropeanCeramic Society. 23(16):3153-3161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00092-X.10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00092-X
Formation of highly disperse boron nitride in carbothermal reduction in the presence lithium com- pounds. Bartnitskaya et al. (1993) “Formation of highly disperse boron nitride in carbothermal reduction in the presence lithium com- pounds,” Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 32(1):63-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00559737.10.1007/BF00559737
Effect oﬂithium on structure formation of graphite-like boron nitride with carbothermal synthesis. Bartnitskaya et al. (1995) “Effect oﬂithium on structure formation of graphite-like boron nitride with carbothermal synthesis,” Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 33(7-8):335-340.https://doi.org/10. 1007/BF00559576. CÈamurlu et al. (2006) “Role of boron carbide in carbothermic formation ofhexagonal boron nitride,” Journal of Materials Science. 41(15):4921-4927.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0339-6. Chari (2023) “Degradation of Ceramic Surfaces and its Mitigation: From Electric Propulsion to Cultural Heritage,” Dissertation (Ph. D.), California Institute of Technology. DOI: 10.7907/22st-q436.10.1007/s10853-006-0339-6
High-temperature carbothermal synthesis and characterization of graphite/h-BN bimaterials. Chari et al. (Dec. 2022) “High-temperature carbothermal synthesis and characterization of graphite/h-BN bimaterials,” J Am Ceram Soc., 106, 4, 2225-2239.
Oxidation resistance of AIN/BN via mullite-type Al18B4O33. Chari et al. (Jul. 2022) “Oxidation resistance of AIN/BN via mullite-type Al18B4O33,” Journal ofthe European Ceramic Soci- ety. 42(8):3437-3445.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022. 02.037. Choueiri (2001) “Plasma oscillations in Hall thrusters,” Phys. Plasmas, vol. 8, No. 4, 1411-1426. Combat® (accessed Jul. 25, 2022) “Boron Nitride Solids Product Data Sheet,” (2022). https://www.bn.saint-gobain.com/sites/hps- mac3-cma-boron-nitride/ﬁles/2022-06/combat-bn-solids-ds.pdf.10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022
Low energy Xe + sputter yields for alumina, Hiperco 50, and boron nitride. Crofton et al. (Dec. 2021) “Low energy Xe + sputter yields for alumina, Hiperco 50, and boron nitride,” American Institute of Physics Advances. 11. 125126. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0067346.10.1063/5.0067346
Quantitative Studies of Thermal Shock in Ceramics Based on a Novel Test Technique. Faber et al. (1981) “Quantitative Studies of Thermal Shock in Ceramics Based on a Novel Test Technique,” Journal of the Ameri- can Ceramic Society, 64, 5, 296-301.
Investigation of xenon ion sputtering of one ceramic material used in SPT discharge chamber. Garnier et al. (1999) “Investigation of xenon ion sputtering of one ceramic material used in SPT discharge chamber,” in: 26th Inter- national Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC Paper 1999-083,
Kitakyushu, Japan.
Low-energy xenon ion sputtering of ceramics investigated for stationary plasma thrusters. Garnier et al. (Nov. 1999) “Low-energy xenon ion sputtering of ceramics investigated for stationary plasma thrusters,” Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. 17. 3246-3254. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.582050.10.1116/1.582050
Conducting Wall Hall Thrusters. Goebel et al. (2015) “Conducting Wall Hall Thrusters,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 43. 118-126. https://doi.org/10. 1109/TPS.2014.2321110.
Lateral Heterostructures of Graphene and h-BN with Atomic Lattice Coherence and Tunable Rotational Order. Guo et al. (Jan. 2023) “Lateral Heterostructures of Graphene and h-BN with Atomic Lattice Coherence and Tunable Rotational Order,” Small, 19, 2207217.
High temperature crack sealant based on SiO2—B2O3 for SiC coating on carbon-carbon composites. Hatta et al. (2003) “High temperature crack sealant based on SiO2—B2O3 for SiC coating on carbon-carbon composites,”Advanced Composite Materials. 12(2-3):93-106. https://doi.org/10.1163/156855103772658498. Hofer (2004) “Development and Characterization of High-10.1163/156855103772658498
Efficiency, High-Speciﬁc Impulse Xenon Hall Thrusters”, Univer- sity of Michigan, Ph.D. Thesis.
The H9 Magnetically Shielded HallThruster. Hofer et al. (2017) “The H9 Magnetically Shielded HallThruster,” 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC-2017-232. Altanta, GA. Huba´cˇek et al. (May 1996) “Chemical reactions in hexagonal boron nitride system,” Journal of SolidState Chemistry. 123:215-222. https://doi.org/10.1006/jssc.1996.0171. Huba´cˇek et al. (Jul. 1996) “High-temperature behaviour of hexago- nal boronnitride,” Thermochimica Acta. 282-283:359-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(96)02884-5.10.1006/jssc.1996.0171
High-Temperature Oxidation of Boron Nitride: I, Monolithic Boron Nitride. Jacobson et al. (1999) “High-Temperature Oxidation of Boron Nitride: I, Monolithic Boron Nitride,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 82 [2] 393-98.
Evaluation of Reliability of Brittle Components by Thermal Stress Testing. Johnson-Walls et al. (1985) “Evaluation of Reliability of Brittle Components by Thermal Stress Testing,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 68 [7] 363-67.
Interface crack resistance of zirconia base thermal barrier coatings. Kleer et al. (1991) “Interface crack resistance of zirconia base thermal barrier coatings,” High performance ceramic ﬁlms and coatings. 329-328.
The Thermal Shock Resistance of Solids. Lu et al. (1998) “The Thermal Shock Resistance of Solids,” Acta Materialia, 46 13, 4755-68.
High-Temperature Graphite Protective Coatings. Mashnitskii et al. (1971) “High-Temperature Graphite Protective Coatings,” Institute of Material Physics Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Translated from Ogneupory, No. 11, pp. 41-44. Medvedovski (2018) “Preparation of boron nitride-based coatings through thermal diffusion process,” Advances in Applied Ceramics. 117(4):221-230.https://doi.org/10.1080/17436753.2017.1397938.10.1080/17436753.2017.1397938
Magnetic shielding of a laboratory Hall thruster. I. Theory and validation. Mikellides et al. (2014) “Magnetic shielding of a laboratory Hall thruster. I. Theory and validation”, Journal of Applied Physics 115, 043303. O’Connor (1962) “Synthesis of boron nitride,” Journal of the American Chemical Society.84(9): 1753-1754. https://doi.org/10. 1021/ja00868a065.
Borosilicate glass-induced ﬁber degradation ofSiC/BN/SiC composites exposed in combustion environments. Opila et al. (2016) “Borosilicate glass-induced ﬁber degradation ofSiC/BN/SiC composites exposed in combustion environments,” International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology. 13(3):434- 442. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.12499.10.1111/ijac.12499
Sputtering yield and nanopattern forma- tion study of BNSiO2 (Borosil) at elevated temperature relevance to Hall Effect Thruster. Parida et al. (Mar. 2022) “Sputtering yield and nanopattern forma- tion study of BNSiO2 (Borosil) at elevated temperature relevance to Hall Effect Thruster,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 514. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2022.01.001.10.1016/j.nimb.2022.01.001
Large-scale synthesis of uniformhexagonal boron nitride ﬁlms by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition. Park et al. (2017) “Large-scale synthesis of uniformhexagonal boron nitride ﬁlms by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition,” ScientiﬁcReports. 7(1):40091. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40091. Pikalov (1988) “Mechanism of formation of graphitelike boron nitride in the carbothermal process,” Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 27:404-406. Readey (2017) “Chapter 14. Interdiffusion and Metals,” Kinetics in Materials Science and Engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group; 479-517.10.1038/srep40091
Effects of plasma exposure on boron nitride ceramic insulators for hall-effect thrusters. Satonik et al. (2014) “Effects of plasma exposure on boron nitride ceramic insulators for hall-effect thrusters,” Journal of Propulsion and Power. 30. 656-663. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.B34877. Sawlani (2015) “Effects of Secondary Electron Emission on the Plasma Sheath and Local Electron Energy Distribution with Appli- cation to Hall Thrusters,” Dissertation (Ph.D.), University of Michi- gan. https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/111614.10.2514/1.B34877
Oxidation of BN-coated SiC ﬁbers in ceramic matrix composites. Sheldon et al. (1996) “Oxidation of BN-coated SiC ﬁbers in ceramic matrix composites,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 79(2):539-543.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08163.x.10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08163.x
Reﬁned phase diagram of boron nitride. Solozhenko et al. (1999) “Reﬁned phase diagram of boron nitride,” TheJournal of Physical Chemistry B. 103(15):2903-2905.https://doi.org/10.1021/jp984682c.10.1021/jp984682c
Large scale growth and characterization of atomic hexagonalboron nitride layers. Song et al. (2010) “Large scale growth and characterization of atomic hexagonalboron nitride layers,” Nano Letters. 10(8):3209- 3215.https://doi.org/10.1021/nl1022139.10.1021/nl1022139
Measuring sputter yields of ceramic materials. Tartz et al. (2009) “Measuring sputter yields of ceramic materials,” in: 31st International Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC Paper 2009-240, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Turbostratic boron nitride, thermal transfor- mation toordered-layer-lattice boron nitride. Thomas et al. (1963) “Turbostratic boron nitride, thermal transfor- mation toordered-layer-lattice boron nitride,” Journal of the Ameri- can Chemical Society. 84(24):4619-4622. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00883a001.10.1021/ja00883a001
Sputtering yield of potential ceramics for hall effect thruster discharge channel. Tondu et al. (2011) “Sputtering yield of potential ceramics for hall effect thruster discharge channel,” in: 32nd International Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC Paper 2011-106, Wiesbaden, Ger- many.
Semicoherent oxide heterointerfaces: Struc- ture, properties, and implications. Uberuaga et al. (2019) “Semicoherent oxide heterointerfaces: Struc- ture, properties, and implications,” APL Mater. 7, 100904.
The solubilities of BN in B203 bearing melts. Wakasugi et al. (Apr. 1991) “The solubilities of BN in B203 bearing melts,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 135, 139-145.
Thermodynamics of Nitrogen in B2O3, B203—Si02, and B203—CaO Systems. Wakasugi et al. (Jul. 1991) “Thermodynamics of Nitrogen in B2O3, B203—Si02, and B203—CaO Systems,” J. Am Cerorn SOC., 74 [7] 1650-53.
Effect of temperature on graphite oxidation behavior. Xiaowei et al. (2004) “Effect of temperature on graphite oxidation behavior,” Nuclear Engineering and Design. 227(3):273-280.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2003.11.004.10.1016/j.nucengdes.2003.11.004
The anisotropic thermal expansion of boron nitride. Yates et al. (1975) “The anisotropic thermal expansion of boron nitride,” The Philosophical Magazine: A Journal of Theoretical Experimental and Applied Physics.32(4):847-857. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786437508221624. Yim (2017) “A survey of xenon ion sputter yield data and ﬁts relevant to electric propulsion spacecraft integration,” in: 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC Paper 2017- 060, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.10.1080/14786437508221624
Modeling low energy sputtering of hexagonal boron nitride by xenon ions. Yim et al. (2008) “Modeling low energy sputtering of hexagonal boron nitride by xenon ions,” Journal of Applied Physics. 104. 123507. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2987090.10.1063/1.2987090
Vapour-phase reduction and the synthesis of boronbased ceramic phases. Yoon et al. (1995) “Vapour-phase reduction and the synthesis of boronbased ceramic phases,” Journal of Materials Science, 30, 607-614.
Vapour-phase reduction and the synthesis of boron-based ceramic phases. Yoon et al. (1996) “Vapour-phase reduction and the synthesis of boron-based ceramic phases,” Journal of Materials Science, 31, 2265-2277.
Preparation and anisotropic properties of textured structuralceramics:Areview. Zhang et al. (2019) “Preparation and anisotropic properties of textured structuralceramics:Areview,” Journal ofAdvanced Ceram- ics. 8(3):289-332.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-019-0325-5.10.1007/s40145-019-0325-5
Experiment and simulation analysis on thermal shock resistance of laminated ceramics with graphite and boron nitride interfaces. Zhang et al. (May 2021) “Experiment and simulation analysis on thermal shock resistance of laminated ceramics with graphite and boron nitride interfaces,” CeramicsInternational. 47(9):11973- 11978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.039.10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.039
Hall-effect thruster channel surface properties investigation. Zidar et al. (2012) “Hall-effect thruster channel surface properties investigation,” Journal of Propulsion and Power. 28. 334-343. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.B34312.10.2514/1.B34312

Cited non-patent literature · 43

Crystallization behavior and characterization of turbostratic boron nitride. Alkoy et al. (1997) “Crystallization behavior and characterization of turbostratic boron nitride,” Journal of the European Ceramic Soci- ety. 17. 1415-1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(97)00040- X.10.1016/S0955-2219(97)00040
Carbothermic formation of boron nitride. Aydogˇdu et al. (2003) “Carbothermic formation of boron nitride,” Journal of the EuropeanCeramic Society. 23(16):3153-3161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00092-X.10.1016/S0955-2219(03)00092-X
Formation of highly disperse boron nitride in carbothermal reduction in the presence lithium com- pounds. Bartnitskaya et al. (1993) “Formation of highly disperse boron nitride in carbothermal reduction in the presence lithium com- pounds,” Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 32(1):63-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00559737.10.1007/BF00559737
Effect oﬂithium on structure formation of graphite-like boron nitride with carbothermal synthesis. Bartnitskaya et al. (1995) “Effect oﬂithium on structure formation of graphite-like boron nitride with carbothermal synthesis,” Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 33(7-8):335-340.https://doi.org/10. 1007/BF00559576. CÈamurlu et al. (2006) “Role of boron carbide in carbothermic formation ofhexagonal boron nitride,” Journal of Materials Science. 41(15):4921-4927.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0339-6. Chari (2023) “Degradation of Ceramic Surfaces and its Mitigation: From Electric Propulsion to Cultural Heritage,” Dissertation (Ph. D.), California Institute of Technology. DOI: 10.7907/22st-q436.10.1007/s10853-006-0339-6
High-temperature carbothermal synthesis and characterization of graphite/h-BN bimaterials. Chari et al. (Dec. 2022) “High-temperature carbothermal synthesis and characterization of graphite/h-BN bimaterials,” J Am Ceram Soc., 106, 4, 2225-2239.
Oxidation resistance of AIN/BN via mullite-type Al18B4O33. Chari et al. (Jul. 2022) “Oxidation resistance of AIN/BN via mullite-type Al18B4O33,” Journal ofthe European Ceramic Soci- ety. 42(8):3437-3445.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022. 02.037. Choueiri (2001) “Plasma oscillations in Hall thrusters,” Phys. Plasmas, vol. 8, No. 4, 1411-1426. Combat® (accessed Jul. 25, 2022) “Boron Nitride Solids Product Data Sheet,” (2022). https://www.bn.saint-gobain.com/sites/hps- mac3-cma-boron-nitride/ﬁles/2022-06/combat-bn-solids-ds.pdf.10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022
Low energy Xe + sputter yields for alumina, Hiperco 50, and boron nitride. Crofton et al. (Dec. 2021) “Low energy Xe + sputter yields for alumina, Hiperco 50, and boron nitride,” American Institute of Physics Advances. 11. 125126. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0067346.10.1063/5.0067346
Quantitative Studies of Thermal Shock in Ceramics Based on a Novel Test Technique. Faber et al. (1981) “Quantitative Studies of Thermal Shock in Ceramics Based on a Novel Test Technique,” Journal of the Ameri- can Ceramic Society, 64, 5, 296-301.
Investigation of xenon ion sputtering of one ceramic material used in SPT discharge chamber. Garnier et al. (1999) “Investigation of xenon ion sputtering of one ceramic material used in SPT discharge chamber,” in: 26th Inter- national Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC Paper 1999-083,
Kitakyushu, Japan.
Low-energy xenon ion sputtering of ceramics investigated for stationary plasma thrusters. Garnier et al. (Nov. 1999) “Low-energy xenon ion sputtering of ceramics investigated for stationary plasma thrusters,” Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. 17. 3246-3254. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.582050.10.1116/1.582050
Conducting Wall Hall Thrusters. Goebel et al. (2015) “Conducting Wall Hall Thrusters,” IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. 43. 118-126. https://doi.org/10. 1109/TPS.2014.2321110.
Lateral Heterostructures of Graphene and h-BN with Atomic Lattice Coherence and Tunable Rotational Order. Guo et al. (Jan. 2023) “Lateral Heterostructures of Graphene and h-BN with Atomic Lattice Coherence and Tunable Rotational Order,” Small, 19, 2207217.
High temperature crack sealant based on SiO2—B2O3 for SiC coating on carbon-carbon composites. Hatta et al. (2003) “High temperature crack sealant based on SiO2—B2O3 for SiC coating on carbon-carbon composites,”Advanced Composite Materials. 12(2-3):93-106. https://doi.org/10.1163/156855103772658498. Hofer (2004) “Development and Characterization of High-10.1163/156855103772658498
Efficiency, High-Speciﬁc Impulse Xenon Hall Thrusters”, Univer- sity of Michigan, Ph.D. Thesis.
The H9 Magnetically Shielded HallThruster. Hofer et al. (2017) “The H9 Magnetically Shielded HallThruster,” 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC-2017-232. Altanta, GA. Huba´cˇek et al. (May 1996) “Chemical reactions in hexagonal boron nitride system,” Journal of SolidState Chemistry. 123:215-222. https://doi.org/10.1006/jssc.1996.0171. Huba´cˇek et al. (Jul. 1996) “High-temperature behaviour of hexago- nal boronnitride,” Thermochimica Acta. 282-283:359-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(96)02884-5.10.1006/jssc.1996.0171
High-Temperature Oxidation of Boron Nitride: I, Monolithic Boron Nitride. Jacobson et al. (1999) “High-Temperature Oxidation of Boron Nitride: I, Monolithic Boron Nitride,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 82 [2] 393-98.
Evaluation of Reliability of Brittle Components by Thermal Stress Testing. Johnson-Walls et al. (1985) “Evaluation of Reliability of Brittle Components by Thermal Stress Testing,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 68 [7] 363-67.
Interface crack resistance of zirconia base thermal barrier coatings. Kleer et al. (1991) “Interface crack resistance of zirconia base thermal barrier coatings,” High performance ceramic ﬁlms and coatings. 329-328.
The Thermal Shock Resistance of Solids. Lu et al. (1998) “The Thermal Shock Resistance of Solids,” Acta Materialia, 46 13, 4755-68.
High-Temperature Graphite Protective Coatings. Mashnitskii et al. (1971) “High-Temperature Graphite Protective Coatings,” Institute of Material Physics Problems of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR. Translated from Ogneupory, No. 11, pp. 41-44. Medvedovski (2018) “Preparation of boron nitride-based coatings through thermal diffusion process,” Advances in Applied Ceramics. 117(4):221-230.https://doi.org/10.1080/17436753.2017.1397938.10.1080/17436753.2017.1397938
Magnetic shielding of a laboratory Hall thruster. I. Theory and validation. Mikellides et al. (2014) “Magnetic shielding of a laboratory Hall thruster. I. Theory and validation”, Journal of Applied Physics 115, 043303. O’Connor (1962) “Synthesis of boron nitride,” Journal of the American Chemical Society.84(9): 1753-1754. https://doi.org/10. 1021/ja00868a065.
Borosilicate glass-induced ﬁber degradation ofSiC/BN/SiC composites exposed in combustion environments. Opila et al. (2016) “Borosilicate glass-induced ﬁber degradation ofSiC/BN/SiC composites exposed in combustion environments,” International Journal of Applied Ceramic Technology. 13(3):434- 442. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijac.12499.10.1111/ijac.12499
Sputtering yield and nanopattern forma- tion study of BNSiO2 (Borosil) at elevated temperature relevance to Hall Effect Thruster. Parida et al. (Mar. 2022) “Sputtering yield and nanopattern forma- tion study of BNSiO2 (Borosil) at elevated temperature relevance to Hall Effect Thruster,” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 514. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2022.01.001.10.1016/j.nimb.2022.01.001
Large-scale synthesis of uniformhexagonal boron nitride ﬁlms by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition. Park et al. (2017) “Large-scale synthesis of uniformhexagonal boron nitride ﬁlms by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition,” ScientiﬁcReports. 7(1):40091. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40091. Pikalov (1988) “Mechanism of formation of graphitelike boron nitride in the carbothermal process,” Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 27:404-406. Readey (2017) “Chapter 14. Interdiffusion and Metals,” Kinetics in Materials Science and Engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group; 479-517.10.1038/srep40091
Effects of plasma exposure on boron nitride ceramic insulators for hall-effect thrusters. Satonik et al. (2014) “Effects of plasma exposure on boron nitride ceramic insulators for hall-effect thrusters,” Journal of Propulsion and Power. 30. 656-663. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.B34877. Sawlani (2015) “Effects of Secondary Electron Emission on the Plasma Sheath and Local Electron Energy Distribution with Appli- cation to Hall Thrusters,” Dissertation (Ph.D.), University of Michi- gan. https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/111614.10.2514/1.B34877
Oxidation of BN-coated SiC ﬁbers in ceramic matrix composites. Sheldon et al. (1996) “Oxidation of BN-coated SiC ﬁbers in ceramic matrix composites,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 79(2):539-543.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08163.x.10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08163.x
Reﬁned phase diagram of boron nitride. Solozhenko et al. (1999) “Reﬁned phase diagram of boron nitride,” TheJournal of Physical Chemistry B. 103(15):2903-2905.https://doi.org/10.1021/jp984682c.10.1021/jp984682c
Large scale growth and characterization of atomic hexagonalboron nitride layers. Song et al. (2010) “Large scale growth and characterization of atomic hexagonalboron nitride layers,” Nano Letters. 10(8):3209- 3215.https://doi.org/10.1021/nl1022139.10.1021/nl1022139
Measuring sputter yields of ceramic materials. Tartz et al. (2009) “Measuring sputter yields of ceramic materials,” in: 31st International Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC Paper 2009-240, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Turbostratic boron nitride, thermal transfor- mation toordered-layer-lattice boron nitride. Thomas et al. (1963) “Turbostratic boron nitride, thermal transfor- mation toordered-layer-lattice boron nitride,” Journal of the Ameri- can Chemical Society. 84(24):4619-4622. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00883a001.10.1021/ja00883a001
Sputtering yield of potential ceramics for hall effect thruster discharge channel. Tondu et al. (2011) “Sputtering yield of potential ceramics for hall effect thruster discharge channel,” in: 32nd International Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC Paper 2011-106, Wiesbaden, Ger- many.
Semicoherent oxide heterointerfaces: Struc- ture, properties, and implications. Uberuaga et al. (2019) “Semicoherent oxide heterointerfaces: Struc- ture, properties, and implications,” APL Mater. 7, 100904.
The solubilities of BN in B203 bearing melts. Wakasugi et al. (Apr. 1991) “The solubilities of BN in B203 bearing melts,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 135, 139-145.
Thermodynamics of Nitrogen in B2O3, B203—Si02, and B203—CaO Systems. Wakasugi et al. (Jul. 1991) “Thermodynamics of Nitrogen in B2O3, B203—Si02, and B203—CaO Systems,” J. Am Cerorn SOC., 74 [7] 1650-53.
Effect of temperature on graphite oxidation behavior. Xiaowei et al. (2004) “Effect of temperature on graphite oxidation behavior,” Nuclear Engineering and Design. 227(3):273-280.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2003.11.004.10.1016/j.nucengdes.2003.11.004
The anisotropic thermal expansion of boron nitride. Yates et al. (1975) “The anisotropic thermal expansion of boron nitride,” The Philosophical Magazine: A Journal of Theoretical Experimental and Applied Physics.32(4):847-857. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786437508221624. Yim (2017) “A survey of xenon ion sputter yield data and ﬁts relevant to electric propulsion spacecraft integration,” in: 35th International Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC Paper 2017- 060, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.10.1080/14786437508221624
Modeling low energy sputtering of hexagonal boron nitride by xenon ions. Yim et al. (2008) “Modeling low energy sputtering of hexagonal boron nitride by xenon ions,” Journal of Applied Physics. 104. 123507. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2987090.10.1063/1.2987090
Vapour-phase reduction and the synthesis of boronbased ceramic phases. Yoon et al. (1995) “Vapour-phase reduction and the synthesis of boronbased ceramic phases,” Journal of Materials Science, 30, 607-614.
Vapour-phase reduction and the synthesis of boron-based ceramic phases. Yoon et al. (1996) “Vapour-phase reduction and the synthesis of boron-based ceramic phases,” Journal of Materials Science, 31, 2265-2277.
Preparation and anisotropic properties of textured structuralceramics:Areview. Zhang et al. (2019) “Preparation and anisotropic properties of textured structuralceramics:Areview,” Journal ofAdvanced Ceram- ics. 8(3):289-332.https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-019-0325-5.10.1007/s40145-019-0325-5
Experiment and simulation analysis on thermal shock resistance of laminated ceramics with graphite and boron nitride interfaces. Zhang et al. (May 2021) “Experiment and simulation analysis on thermal shock resistance of laminated ceramics with graphite and boron nitride interfaces,” CeramicsInternational. 47(9):11973- 11978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.039.10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.039
Hall-effect thruster channel surface properties investigation. Zidar et al. (2012) “Hall-effect thruster channel surface properties investigation,” Journal of Propulsion and Power. 28. 334-343. https://doi.org/10.2514/1.B34312.10.2514/1.B34312

Cited non-patent literature · 43

Crystallization behavior and characterization of turbostratic boron nitride. Alkoy et al. (1997) “Crystallization behavior and characterization of turbostratic boron nitride,” Journal of the European Ceramic Soci- ety. 17. 1415-1422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(97)00040- X.10.1016/S0955-2219(97)00040
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