Patent
US 10,669,155METHODS FOR SYNTHESIZING GRAPHENE FROM ENCAPSULATED PARTICLES
Zhiyong Cai
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,669,155Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
FIG. 2 B depicts the formation of graphene-based materials from graphene- encapsulated metal nanoparticles according to an illustrative embodiment. The …
FIG. 3 is a plot of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0016]
FIG. 4 B is a SEM image of the precursor after thermal treatment to form graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0017] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution …
FIG. 5 A.) [0040] A schematic of an individual graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle is shown in FIG. l A. The core is composed of various forms of iron, …
FIG. 6 is a plot of the XRD pattern of wood char (scan a), carbon (wood char)- iron precursor prior to thermal treatment (scan b), and after thermal treatment …
FIG. 7 B. [0021] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticles of
FIG. 8 is an H RTEM image of a single graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle of
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 11 E shows the XRD results for the graphene-encapsulated molybdenum nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 13 show SEM images illustrating the effect on the particle size of carbon- metal precursor and heating time during the cracking/welding process on the …
FIG. 14 shows a schematic illustrating the formation of carbon-metal based precursors (panels 1 and 2), formation of graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles …
FIG. 15 shows a fixed bed reactor system for carrying out the formation of graphene- encapsulated metal nanoparticles from carbon-metal precursors and formation …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
The method of claim 1, wherein the cracking and welding gas composition is selected to maximize the yield of the graphene-based material.
The method of claim 2, wherein the yield is at least 90%.
The method of claim I. wherein the cracking and welding gas composition compris e s one or more of methane, ethane, propane, natural gas.
The method of claim 4, wherein the cracking and welding gas composition further comprises argon.
The method of claim 1, wherein the exposure is carried out at a temperature of at least 1000 ° C for at least 30 minutes.
The method of claim 1, wherein prior to exposing the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles to the cracking and welding gas composition, the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles are exposed to argon at an elevated temperature for a period of time.
The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene-based material comprises flat or curved graphene sheets.
The method of claim 1, wherein the cracking and welding gas composition comprises one or mo re of methane, ethane. propane and natural gas, the graphene-based material comprises flat or curved graphene sheets, and the yield of the graphene-based material is at least 90 %.
The method of claim 1, further comprising exposing a carbon-metal based precursor to an inert gas composition at an elevated temperature for a period of time sufficient to convert the carbon to graphene, thereby forming the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles.
The method of claim 10, wherein the elevated temperature is in the range of from 700 C to 1000 °C.
T he method of claim 10, wherein the carbon of the carbon-metal based precursor is provided by a biomass feedstock.
[he method of claim 10, further comprising forming the carbon-metal based precursor by mixing a first solution comprising a first solvent and a carbon source with a second solution comprising a second solvent and a metal source to form a carbon-metal mixture.
The method of claim 1 4, wherein the metal is iron and the metal source is present in the carbon-metal mixture at an amount in the range of from 5 to 15 % by weight.
A method of synthesi z ing a graphene-based material, the method comprising: mixing a first solution comprising a first solvent and a carbon source with a second solution comprising a second solvent and a metal source to form a carbon-metal mixture; exposing the carbon-metal mixture to an inert gas composition at an elevated temperature and for a period of time sufficient to at least partially decompose the carbon source, followed by ground-milling, thereby forming a carbon-metal precursor; exposing the car bon- metal based precursor to another inert gas composition at another elevated temperature fo r another period of time sufficient to convert the carbon to graphene, thereby forming graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles, each nanoparticle comprising a graphene shell surrounding a metal core; and exposing the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles to a cracking and wel ding gas composition under conditions sufficient to crack graphene shells and to reconstruct cracked graphene shells to form the graphene- b ased material.
T he method of claim 19, wherein the carbon source comprises kraft lignin.
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles
graphene-based material
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
average inter-planar distance between graphene layers | 0.335 nm | graphene |
diameter of graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles |
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US 10,669,155Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
FIG. 2 B depicts the formation of graphene-based materials from graphene- encapsulated metal nanoparticles according to an illustrative embodiment. The …
FIG. 3 is a plot of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0016]
FIG. 4 B is a SEM image of the precursor after thermal treatment to form graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0017] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution …
FIG. 5 A.) [0040] A schematic of an individual graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle is shown in FIG. l A. The core is composed of various forms of iron, …
FIG. 6 is a plot of the XRD pattern of wood char (scan a), carbon (wood char)- iron precursor prior to thermal treatment (scan b), and after thermal treatment …
FIG. 7 B. [0021] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticles of
FIG. 8 is an H RTEM image of a single graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle of
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 11 E shows the XRD results for the graphene-encapsulated molybdenum nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 13 show SEM images illustrating the effect on the particle size of carbon- metal precursor and heating time during the cracking/welding process on the …
FIG. 14 shows a schematic illustrating the formation of carbon-metal based precursors (panels 1 and 2), formation of graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles …
FIG. 15 shows a fixed bed reactor system for carrying out the formation of graphene- encapsulated metal nanoparticles from carbon-metal precursors and formation …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
The method of claim 1, wherein the cracking and welding gas composition is selected to maximize the yield of the graphene-based material.
The method of claim 2, wherein the yield is at least 90%.
The method of claim I. wherein the cracking and welding gas composition compris e s one or more of methane, ethane, propane, natural gas.
The method of claim 4, wherein the cracking and welding gas composition further comprises argon.
The method of claim 1, wherein the exposure is carried out at a temperature of at least 1000 ° C for at least 30 minutes.
The method of claim 1, wherein prior to exposing the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles to the cracking and welding gas composition, the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles are exposed to argon at an elevated temperature for a period of time.
The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene-based material comprises flat or curved graphene sheets.
The method of claim 1, wherein the cracking and welding gas composition comprises one or mo re of methane, ethane. propane and natural gas, the graphene-based material comprises flat or curved graphene sheets, and the yield of the graphene-based material is at least 90 %.
The method of claim 1, further comprising exposing a carbon-metal based precursor to an inert gas composition at an elevated temperature for a period of time sufficient to convert the carbon to graphene, thereby forming the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles.
The method of claim 10, wherein the elevated temperature is in the range of from 700 C to 1000 °C.
T he method of claim 10, wherein the carbon of the carbon-metal based precursor is provided by a biomass feedstock.
[he method of claim 10, further comprising forming the carbon-metal based precursor by mixing a first solution comprising a first solvent and a carbon source with a second solution comprising a second solvent and a metal source to form a carbon-metal mixture.
The method of claim 1 4, wherein the metal is iron and the metal source is present in the carbon-metal mixture at an amount in the range of from 5 to 15 % by weight.
A method of synthesi z ing a graphene-based material, the method comprising: mixing a first solution comprising a first solvent and a carbon source with a second solution comprising a second solvent and a metal source to form a carbon-metal mixture; exposing the carbon-metal mixture to an inert gas composition at an elevated temperature and for a period of time sufficient to at least partially decompose the carbon source, followed by ground-milling, thereby forming a carbon-metal precursor; exposing the car bon- metal based precursor to another inert gas composition at another elevated temperature fo r another period of time sufficient to convert the carbon to graphene, thereby forming graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles, each nanoparticle comprising a graphene shell surrounding a metal core; and exposing the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles to a cracking and wel ding gas composition under conditions sufficient to crack graphene shells and to reconstruct cracked graphene shells to form the graphene- b ased material.
T he method of claim 19, wherein the carbon source comprises kraft lignin.
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles
graphene-based material
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
average inter-planar distance between graphene layers | 0.335 nm | graphene |
diameter of graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles |
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Patent
US 10,669,155Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
FIG. 2 B depicts the formation of graphene-based materials from graphene- encapsulated metal nanoparticles according to an illustrative embodiment. The …
FIG. 3 is a plot of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0016]
FIG. 4 B is a SEM image of the precursor after thermal treatment to form graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0017] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution …
FIG. 5 A.) [0040] A schematic of an individual graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle is shown in FIG. l A. The core is composed of various forms of iron, …
FIG. 6 is a plot of the XRD pattern of wood char (scan a), carbon (wood char)- iron precursor prior to thermal treatment (scan b), and after thermal treatment …
FIG. 7 B. [0021] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticles of
FIG. 8 is an H RTEM image of a single graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle of
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 11 E shows the XRD results for the graphene-encapsulated molybdenum nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 13 show SEM images illustrating the effect on the particle size of carbon- metal precursor and heating time during the cracking/welding process on the …
FIG. 14 shows a schematic illustrating the formation of carbon-metal based precursors (panels 1 and 2), formation of graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles …
FIG. 15 shows a fixed bed reactor system for carrying out the formation of graphene- encapsulated metal nanoparticles from carbon-metal precursors and formation …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
The method of claim 1, wherein the cracking and welding gas composition is selected to maximize the yield of the graphene-based material.
The method of claim 2, wherein the yield is at least 90%.
The method of claim I. wherein the cracking and welding gas composition compris e s one or more of methane, ethane, propane, natural gas.
The method of claim 4, wherein the cracking and welding gas composition further comprises argon.
The method of claim 1, wherein the exposure is carried out at a temperature of at least 1000 ° C for at least 30 minutes.
The method of claim 1, wherein prior to exposing the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles to the cracking and welding gas composition, the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles are exposed to argon at an elevated temperature for a period of time.
The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene-based material comprises flat or curved graphene sheets.
The method of claim 1, wherein the cracking and welding gas composition comprises one or mo re of methane, ethane. propane and natural gas, the graphene-based material comprises flat or curved graphene sheets, and the yield of the graphene-based material is at least 90 %.
The method of claim 1, further comprising exposing a carbon-metal based precursor to an inert gas composition at an elevated temperature for a period of time sufficient to convert the carbon to graphene, thereby forming the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles.
The method of claim 10, wherein the elevated temperature is in the range of from 700 C to 1000 °C.
T he method of claim 10, wherein the carbon of the carbon-metal based precursor is provided by a biomass feedstock.
[he method of claim 10, further comprising forming the carbon-metal based precursor by mixing a first solution comprising a first solvent and a carbon source with a second solution comprising a second solvent and a metal source to form a carbon-metal mixture.
The method of claim 1 4, wherein the metal is iron and the metal source is present in the carbon-metal mixture at an amount in the range of from 5 to 15 % by weight.
A method of synthesi z ing a graphene-based material, the method comprising: mixing a first solution comprising a first solvent and a carbon source with a second solution comprising a second solvent and a metal source to form a carbon-metal mixture; exposing the carbon-metal mixture to an inert gas composition at an elevated temperature and for a period of time sufficient to at least partially decompose the carbon source, followed by ground-milling, thereby forming a carbon-metal precursor; exposing the car bon- metal based precursor to another inert gas composition at another elevated temperature fo r another period of time sufficient to convert the carbon to graphene, thereby forming graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles, each nanoparticle comprising a graphene shell surrounding a metal core; and exposing the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles to a cracking and wel ding gas composition under conditions sufficient to crack graphene shells and to reconstruct cracked graphene shells to form the graphene- b ased material.
T he method of claim 19, wherein the carbon source comprises kraft lignin.
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles
graphene-based material
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
average inter-planar distance between graphene layers | 0.335 nm | graphene |
diameter of graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles |
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Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,669,155Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
FIG. 2 B depicts the formation of graphene-based materials from graphene- encapsulated metal nanoparticles according to an illustrative embodiment. The …
FIG. 3 is a plot of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0016]
FIG. 4 B is a SEM image of the precursor after thermal treatment to form graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0017] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution …
FIG. 5 A.) [0040] A schematic of an individual graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle is shown in FIG. l A. The core is composed of various forms of iron, …
FIG. 6 is a plot of the XRD pattern of wood char (scan a), carbon (wood char)- iron precursor prior to thermal treatment (scan b), and after thermal treatment …
FIG. 7 B. [0021] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticles of
FIG. 8 is an H RTEM image of a single graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle of
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 11 E shows the XRD results for the graphene-encapsulated molybdenum nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 13 show SEM images illustrating the effect on the particle size of carbon- metal precursor and heating time during the cracking/welding process on the …
FIG. 14 shows a schematic illustrating the formation of carbon-metal based precursors (panels 1 and 2), formation of graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles …
FIG. 15 shows a fixed bed reactor system for carrying out the formation of graphene- encapsulated metal nanoparticles from carbon-metal precursors and formation …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
The method of claim 1, wherein the cracking and welding gas composition is selected to maximize the yield of the graphene-based material.
The method of claim 2, wherein the yield is at least 90%.
The method of claim I. wherein the cracking and welding gas composition compris e s one or more of methane, ethane, propane, natural gas.
The method of claim 4, wherein the cracking and welding gas composition further comprises argon.
The method of claim 1, wherein the exposure is carried out at a temperature of at least 1000 ° C for at least 30 minutes.
The method of claim 1, wherein prior to exposing the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles to the cracking and welding gas composition, the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles are exposed to argon at an elevated temperature for a period of time.
The method of claim 1, wherein the graphene-based material comprises flat or curved graphene sheets.
The method of claim 1, wherein the cracking and welding gas composition comprises one or mo re of methane, ethane. propane and natural gas, the graphene-based material comprises flat or curved graphene sheets, and the yield of the graphene-based material is at least 90 %.
The method of claim 1, further comprising exposing a carbon-metal based precursor to an inert gas composition at an elevated temperature for a period of time sufficient to convert the carbon to graphene, thereby forming the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles.
The method of claim 10, wherein the elevated temperature is in the range of from 700 C to 1000 °C.
T he method of claim 10, wherein the carbon of the carbon-metal based precursor is provided by a biomass feedstock.
[he method of claim 10, further comprising forming the carbon-metal based precursor by mixing a first solution comprising a first solvent and a carbon source with a second solution comprising a second solvent and a metal source to form a carbon-metal mixture.
The method of claim 1 4, wherein the metal is iron and the metal source is present in the carbon-metal mixture at an amount in the range of from 5 to 15 % by weight.
A method of synthesi z ing a graphene-based material, the method comprising: mixing a first solution comprising a first solvent and a carbon source with a second solution comprising a second solvent and a metal source to form a carbon-metal mixture; exposing the carbon-metal mixture to an inert gas composition at an elevated temperature and for a period of time sufficient to at least partially decompose the carbon source, followed by ground-milling, thereby forming a carbon-metal precursor; exposing the car bon- metal based precursor to another inert gas composition at another elevated temperature fo r another period of time sufficient to convert the carbon to graphene, thereby forming graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles, each nanoparticle comprising a graphene shell surrounding a metal core; and exposing the graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles to a cracking and wel ding gas composition under conditions sufficient to crack graphene shells and to reconstruct cracked graphene shells to form the graphene- b ased material.
T he method of claim 19, wherein the carbon source comprises kraft lignin.
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles
graphene-based material
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
average inter-planar distance between graphene layers | 0.335 nm | graphene |
diameter of graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles |
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cracking and welding gas composition
argon
Ar
carbon-metal based precursor
biomass feedstock
kraft lignin
tetrahydrofuran
C₄H₈O
metal nitrate
iron
Fe
graphene
Fe₃C
methane
CH₄
ethane
C₂H₆
propane
C₃H₈
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
FIG. 3 is a plot of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0016]
FIG. 4 B is a SEM image of the precursor after thermal treatment to form graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0017] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution …
FIG. 4 B is a SEM image of the precursor after thermal treatment to form graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0017] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution …
FIG. 6 is a plot of the XRD pattern of wood char (scan a), carbon (wood char)- iron precursor prior to thermal treatment (scan b), and after thermal treatment …
FIG. 7 B. [0021] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticles of
FIG. 7 B. [0021] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticles of
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 11 E shows the XRD results for the graphene-encapsulated molybdenum nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 11 E shows the XRD results for the graphene-encapsulated molybdenum nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 13 show SEM images illustrating the effect on the particle size of carbon- metal precursor and heating time during the cracking/welding process on the …
| ≤ 20 nm |
graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles |
yield of graphene-based material | 90 % | graphene-based material |
Thickness | 100–200 nm | — |
Thickness | 200–300 nm | — |
Thickness | 5–15 nm | — |
Temperature | 160–180 °C | — |
Thickness | 5–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 30–70 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 20–80 nm | — |
Temperature | 190–300 °C | — |
Temperature | 250–300 °C | — |
Duration | 12–24 hours | — |
Temperature | 800–1000 °C | — |
Thickness | 2–8 nm | — |
Thickness | 3–5 nm | — |
Thickness | 50–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 5–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 3–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–15 nm | — |
Temperature | 80–150 °C | — |
Temperature | 200–300 °C | — |
Temperature | 2.5–30 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 600 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1 °C | — |
Duration | ≥ 0.5 hours | — |
Duration | ≥ 30 minutes | — |
cracking and welding gas composition
argon
Ar
carbon-metal based precursor
biomass feedstock
kraft lignin
tetrahydrofuran
C₄H₈O
metal nitrate
iron
Fe
graphene
Fe₃C
methane
CH₄
ethane
C₂H₆
propane
C₃H₈
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
FIG. 3 is a plot of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0016]
FIG. 4 B is a SEM image of the precursor after thermal treatment to form graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0017] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution …
FIG. 4 B is a SEM image of the precursor after thermal treatment to form graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0017] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution …
FIG. 6 is a plot of the XRD pattern of wood char (scan a), carbon (wood char)- iron precursor prior to thermal treatment (scan b), and after thermal treatment …
FIG. 7 B. [0021] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticles of
FIG. 7 B. [0021] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticles of
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 11 E shows the XRD results for the graphene-encapsulated molybdenum nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 11 E shows the XRD results for the graphene-encapsulated molybdenum nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 13 show SEM images illustrating the effect on the particle size of carbon- metal precursor and heating time during the cracking/welding process on the …
| ≤ 20 nm |
graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles |
yield of graphene-based material | 90 % | graphene-based material |
Thickness | 100–200 nm | — |
Thickness | 200–300 nm | — |
Thickness | 5–15 nm | — |
Temperature | 160–180 °C | — |
Thickness | 5–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 30–70 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 20–80 nm | — |
Temperature | 190–300 °C | — |
Temperature | 250–300 °C | — |
Duration | 12–24 hours | — |
Temperature | 800–1000 °C | — |
Thickness | 2–8 nm | — |
Thickness | 3–5 nm | — |
Thickness | 50–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 5–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 3–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–15 nm | — |
Temperature | 80–150 °C | — |
Temperature | 200–300 °C | — |
Temperature | 2.5–30 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 600 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1 °C | — |
Duration | ≥ 0.5 hours | — |
Duration | ≥ 30 minutes | — |
cracking and welding gas composition
argon
Ar
carbon-metal based precursor
biomass feedstock
kraft lignin
tetrahydrofuran
C₄H₈O
metal nitrate
iron
Fe
graphene
Fe₃C
methane
CH₄
ethane
C₂H₆
propane
C₃H₈
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
FIG. 3 is a plot of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0016]
FIG. 4 B is a SEM image of the precursor after thermal treatment to form graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0017] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution …
FIG. 4 B is a SEM image of the precursor after thermal treatment to form graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0017] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution …
FIG. 6 is a plot of the XRD pattern of wood char (scan a), carbon (wood char)- iron precursor prior to thermal treatment (scan b), and after thermal treatment …
FIG. 7 B. [0021] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticles of
FIG. 7 B. [0021] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticles of
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 11 E shows the XRD results for the graphene-encapsulated molybdenum nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 11 E shows the XRD results for the graphene-encapsulated molybdenum nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 13 show SEM images illustrating the effect on the particle size of carbon- metal precursor and heating time during the cracking/welding process on the …
| ≤ 20 nm |
graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles |
yield of graphene-based material | 90 % | graphene-based material |
Thickness | 100–200 nm | — |
Thickness | 200–300 nm | — |
Thickness | 5–15 nm | — |
Temperature | 160–180 °C | — |
Thickness | 5–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 30–70 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 20–80 nm | — |
Temperature | 190–300 °C | — |
Temperature | 250–300 °C | — |
Duration | 12–24 hours | — |
Temperature | 800–1000 °C | — |
Thickness | 2–8 nm | — |
Thickness | 3–5 nm | — |
Thickness | 50–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 5–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 3–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–15 nm | — |
Temperature | 80–150 °C | — |
Temperature | 200–300 °C | — |
Temperature | 2.5–30 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 600 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1 °C | — |
Duration | ≥ 0.5 hours | — |
Duration | ≥ 30 minutes | — |
cracking and welding gas composition
argon
Ar
carbon-metal based precursor
biomass feedstock
kraft lignin
tetrahydrofuran
C₄H₈O
metal nitrate
iron
Fe
graphene
Fe₃C
methane
CH₄
ethane
C₂H₆
propane
C₃H₈
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
FIG. 1 A depicts a graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticle according to an illustrative embodiment. [0012] FIG. l B depicts the formation of …
FIG. 3 is a plot of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0016]
FIG. 4 B is a SEM image of the precursor after thermal treatment to form graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0017] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution …
FIG. 4 B is a SEM image of the precursor after thermal treatment to form graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles. [0017] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution …
FIG. 6 is a plot of the XRD pattern of wood char (scan a), carbon (wood char)- iron precursor prior to thermal treatment (scan b), and after thermal treatment …
FIG. 7 B. [0021] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticles of
FIG. 7 B. [0021] FIGs. 5A-5C are high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the graphene-encapsulated iron nanoparticles of
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 9E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles from Fe-lignin prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 10 A is an SEM image and FIG. lO C is an TEM image of Ni@C from Ni- lignin prior to exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition Ar/CH 4. FIG. lO …
FIG. 11 E shows the XRD results for the graphene-encapsulated molybdenum nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 11 E shows the XRD results for the graphene-encapsulated molybdenum nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 12E shows the XRD results for the graphene- encapsulated iron nanoparticles prior to and after exposure to the cracking and welding gas composition …
FIG. 13 show SEM images illustrating the effect on the particle size of carbon- metal precursor and heating time during the cracking/welding process on the …
| ≤ 20 nm |
graphene-encapsulated metal nanoparticles |
yield of graphene-based material | 90 % | graphene-based material |
Thickness | 100–200 nm | — |
Thickness | 200–300 nm | — |
Thickness | 5–15 nm | — |
Temperature | 160–180 °C | — |
Thickness | 5–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 30–70 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 nm | — |
Thickness | 10–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 20–80 nm | — |
Temperature | 190–300 °C | — |
Temperature | 250–300 °C | — |
Duration | 12–24 hours | — |
Temperature | 800–1000 °C | — |
Thickness | 2–8 nm | — |
Thickness | 3–5 nm | — |
Thickness | 50–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 5–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 3–20 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–15 nm | — |
Temperature | 80–150 °C | — |
Temperature | 200–300 °C | — |
Temperature | 2.5–30 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 500 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 600 °C | — |
Temperature | ≥ 1 °C | — |
Duration | ≥ 0.5 hours | — |
Duration | ≥ 30 minutes | — |