Patent
US 9,751,766ONE-STEP SYNTHESIS OF GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS
Yiru Qin
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,751,766Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1 is a schematic of one embodiment of a method of making graphene quantum dots. Graphite is combined with an oxidizing mixture of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 in a sealed autoclave and heated to 1600C to produce graphene quantum dots having a monodisperse size distribution. TI H Docket No. …
Figure 2 is a graph of the fluorescence emission sprectra of graphene quantum dot production in the presence of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 as a function of temperature. The fluorescence emission spectra in the presence of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (without KMnO 4) is included as a reference. 5
Figure 3 is a bar graph of the size distribution (%, along the left axis) as a function of the graphene quantum dot diameter (nm, along the bottom axis) depicting the monodisperse size distribution of the graphene quantum dots.
Figure 4 is a graph of the Raman spectra of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom). 10
Figure 5 is a graph of the X-ray diffraction pattern of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom).
Figure 6 is a Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of graphite (bottom) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (top) depicting the presence of the C-O and C= 0 stretching modes in the graphene quantum dots. 15
Figure 7 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (excited at 440 nm).
Figure 8 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 as a function of the excitation wavelength.
Figure 9 is a graph of the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of the graphene quantum dots of 20
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of making graphene quantum dots (G Q Ds) comprising: combining a graphene source with a strong oxidizing mixture to form a combination; and heating the combination to an elevated temperature with respect to room temperature to produce the G Q Ds, wherein the G Q Ds have an average diameter of between 2.0 nm and 10.0 nm and wherein the qraphene source is selected from the qroup consistinq of qraphite, carbon black, and combinations thereof.
The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises a permanganate selected from the group consisting of potassium permanganate, ammonium permanganate, calcium permanganate, sodium permanganate, and silver permanganate. 2 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE
The method of claim 1, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises a persulfate selected from the group consisting of sodium peroxomonosulfate, sodium persulfate, potassium peroxymonosulfate, and ammonium persulfate.
The method of claim 1, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises an oxidizing acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, perchloric acid, chloric acid, chromic acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises at least one permanganate and at least one oxidizing acid.
The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises potassium permanganate, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 1, wherein the elevated temperature is 100 0C to 200 0C.
The method of claim 1, wherein the G Q Ds have a monodisperse particle distribution. 3 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE
The method of claim 1, wherein the heating is for a period of time of 2 hours or less.
The method of claim 1, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises one or more oxidizing agents having a standard electrode potential between 1.0 V and 2.5 V.
canceled
A method of making graphene quantum dots (G Q Ds) comprising: combining a graphene source with a strong oxidizing mixture to form a combination; and heating the combination to an elevated temperature with respect to room temperature to produce the G Q Ds, wherein the G Q Ds have a monodisperse particle distribution, and wherein the qraphene source is selected from the qroup consistinq of qraphite, carbon black, and combinations thereof.
The method of claim 12, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises a permanganate selected from the group consisting of potassium permanganate, 4 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE ammonium permanganate, calcium permanganate, sodium permanganate, and silver permanganate.
The method of claim 12, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises a persulfate selected from the group consisting of sodium peroxomonosulfate, sodium persulfate, potassium peroxymonosulfate, and ammonium persulfate.
The method of claim 12, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises an oxidizing acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, perchloric acid, chloric acid, chromic acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 12, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises at least one permanganate and at least one oxidizing acid.
The method of claim 12, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises potassium permanganate, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 12, wherein the elevated temperature is 100 0C to 200 0C. 5 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE
The method of claim 12, wherein the heating is for a period of time of 2 hours or less.
The method of claim 12, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises one or more oxidizing agents having a standard electrode potential between 1.0 V and 2.5 V. 6 TIH 292104-1341
canceled
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene quantum dots
graphite
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 2 is a graph of the fluorescence emission sprectra of graphene quantum dot production in the presence of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 as a function of temperature. The fluorescence emission spectra in the presence of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (without KMnO 4) is included as a reference. 5
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
GQD average diameter range (claimed) | 2–10 nm | graphene quantum dots |
GQD average diameter range (description/abstract) | 1–20 nm |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,751,766Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1 is a schematic of one embodiment of a method of making graphene quantum dots. Graphite is combined with an oxidizing mixture of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 in a sealed autoclave and heated to 1600C to produce graphene quantum dots having a monodisperse size distribution. TI H Docket No. …
Figure 2 is a graph of the fluorescence emission sprectra of graphene quantum dot production in the presence of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 as a function of temperature. The fluorescence emission spectra in the presence of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (without KMnO 4) is included as a reference. 5
Figure 3 is a bar graph of the size distribution (%, along the left axis) as a function of the graphene quantum dot diameter (nm, along the bottom axis) depicting the monodisperse size distribution of the graphene quantum dots.
Figure 4 is a graph of the Raman spectra of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom). 10
Figure 5 is a graph of the X-ray diffraction pattern of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom).
Figure 6 is a Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of graphite (bottom) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (top) depicting the presence of the C-O and C= 0 stretching modes in the graphene quantum dots. 15
Figure 7 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (excited at 440 nm).
Figure 8 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 as a function of the excitation wavelength.
Figure 9 is a graph of the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of the graphene quantum dots of 20
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of making graphene quantum dots (G Q Ds) comprising: combining a graphene source with a strong oxidizing mixture to form a combination; and heating the combination to an elevated temperature with respect to room temperature to produce the G Q Ds, wherein the G Q Ds have an average diameter of between 2.0 nm and 10.0 nm and wherein the qraphene source is selected from the qroup consistinq of qraphite, carbon black, and combinations thereof.
The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises a permanganate selected from the group consisting of potassium permanganate, ammonium permanganate, calcium permanganate, sodium permanganate, and silver permanganate. 2 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE
The method of claim 1, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises a persulfate selected from the group consisting of sodium peroxomonosulfate, sodium persulfate, potassium peroxymonosulfate, and ammonium persulfate.
The method of claim 1, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises an oxidizing acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, perchloric acid, chloric acid, chromic acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises at least one permanganate and at least one oxidizing acid.
The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises potassium permanganate, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 1, wherein the elevated temperature is 100 0C to 200 0C.
The method of claim 1, wherein the G Q Ds have a monodisperse particle distribution. 3 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE
The method of claim 1, wherein the heating is for a period of time of 2 hours or less.
The method of claim 1, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises one or more oxidizing agents having a standard electrode potential between 1.0 V and 2.5 V.
canceled
A method of making graphene quantum dots (G Q Ds) comprising: combining a graphene source with a strong oxidizing mixture to form a combination; and heating the combination to an elevated temperature with respect to room temperature to produce the G Q Ds, wherein the G Q Ds have a monodisperse particle distribution, and wherein the qraphene source is selected from the qroup consistinq of qraphite, carbon black, and combinations thereof.
The method of claim 12, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises a permanganate selected from the group consisting of potassium permanganate, 4 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE ammonium permanganate, calcium permanganate, sodium permanganate, and silver permanganate.
The method of claim 12, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises a persulfate selected from the group consisting of sodium peroxomonosulfate, sodium persulfate, potassium peroxymonosulfate, and ammonium persulfate.
The method of claim 12, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises an oxidizing acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, perchloric acid, chloric acid, chromic acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 12, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises at least one permanganate and at least one oxidizing acid.
The method of claim 12, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises potassium permanganate, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 12, wherein the elevated temperature is 100 0C to 200 0C. 5 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE
The method of claim 12, wherein the heating is for a period of time of 2 hours or less.
The method of claim 12, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises one or more oxidizing agents having a standard electrode potential between 1.0 V and 2.5 V. 6 TIH 292104-1341
canceled
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene quantum dots
graphite
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 2 is a graph of the fluorescence emission sprectra of graphene quantum dot production in the presence of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 as a function of temperature. The fluorescence emission spectra in the presence of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (without KMnO 4) is included as a reference. 5
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
GQD average diameter range (claimed) | 2–10 nm | graphene quantum dots |
GQD average diameter range (description/abstract) | 1–20 nm |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,751,766Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1 is a schematic of one embodiment of a method of making graphene quantum dots. Graphite is combined with an oxidizing mixture of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 in a sealed autoclave and heated to 1600C to produce graphene quantum dots having a monodisperse size distribution. TI H Docket No. …
Figure 2 is a graph of the fluorescence emission sprectra of graphene quantum dot production in the presence of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 as a function of temperature. The fluorescence emission spectra in the presence of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (without KMnO 4) is included as a reference. 5
Figure 3 is a bar graph of the size distribution (%, along the left axis) as a function of the graphene quantum dot diameter (nm, along the bottom axis) depicting the monodisperse size distribution of the graphene quantum dots.
Figure 4 is a graph of the Raman spectra of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom). 10
Figure 5 is a graph of the X-ray diffraction pattern of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom).
Figure 6 is a Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of graphite (bottom) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (top) depicting the presence of the C-O and C= 0 stretching modes in the graphene quantum dots. 15
Figure 7 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (excited at 440 nm).
Figure 8 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 as a function of the excitation wavelength.
Figure 9 is a graph of the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of the graphene quantum dots of 20
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of making graphene quantum dots (G Q Ds) comprising: combining a graphene source with a strong oxidizing mixture to form a combination; and heating the combination to an elevated temperature with respect to room temperature to produce the G Q Ds, wherein the G Q Ds have an average diameter of between 2.0 nm and 10.0 nm and wherein the qraphene source is selected from the qroup consistinq of qraphite, carbon black, and combinations thereof.
The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises a permanganate selected from the group consisting of potassium permanganate, ammonium permanganate, calcium permanganate, sodium permanganate, and silver permanganate. 2 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE
The method of claim 1, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises a persulfate selected from the group consisting of sodium peroxomonosulfate, sodium persulfate, potassium peroxymonosulfate, and ammonium persulfate.
The method of claim 1, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises an oxidizing acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, perchloric acid, chloric acid, chromic acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises at least one permanganate and at least one oxidizing acid.
The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises potassium permanganate, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 1, wherein the elevated temperature is 100 0C to 200 0C.
The method of claim 1, wherein the G Q Ds have a monodisperse particle distribution. 3 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE
The method of claim 1, wherein the heating is for a period of time of 2 hours or less.
The method of claim 1, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises one or more oxidizing agents having a standard electrode potential between 1.0 V and 2.5 V.
canceled
A method of making graphene quantum dots (G Q Ds) comprising: combining a graphene source with a strong oxidizing mixture to form a combination; and heating the combination to an elevated temperature with respect to room temperature to produce the G Q Ds, wherein the G Q Ds have a monodisperse particle distribution, and wherein the qraphene source is selected from the qroup consistinq of qraphite, carbon black, and combinations thereof.
The method of claim 12, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises a permanganate selected from the group consisting of potassium permanganate, 4 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE ammonium permanganate, calcium permanganate, sodium permanganate, and silver permanganate.
The method of claim 12, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises a persulfate selected from the group consisting of sodium peroxomonosulfate, sodium persulfate, potassium peroxymonosulfate, and ammonium persulfate.
The method of claim 12, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises an oxidizing acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, perchloric acid, chloric acid, chromic acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 12, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises at least one permanganate and at least one oxidizing acid.
The method of claim 12, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises potassium permanganate, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 12, wherein the elevated temperature is 100 0C to 200 0C. 5 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE
The method of claim 12, wherein the heating is for a period of time of 2 hours or less.
The method of claim 12, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises one or more oxidizing agents having a standard electrode potential between 1.0 V and 2.5 V. 6 TIH 292104-1341
canceled
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene quantum dots
graphite
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 2 is a graph of the fluorescence emission sprectra of graphene quantum dot production in the presence of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 as a function of temperature. The fluorescence emission spectra in the presence of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (without KMnO 4) is included as a reference. 5
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
GQD average diameter range (claimed) | 2–10 nm | graphene quantum dots |
GQD average diameter range (description/abstract) | 1–20 nm |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 9,751,766Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
Figure 1 is a schematic of one embodiment of a method of making graphene quantum dots. Graphite is combined with an oxidizing mixture of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 in a sealed autoclave and heated to 1600C to produce graphene quantum dots having a monodisperse size distribution. TI H Docket No. …
Figure 2 is a graph of the fluorescence emission sprectra of graphene quantum dot production in the presence of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 as a function of temperature. The fluorescence emission spectra in the presence of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (without KMnO 4) is included as a reference. 5
Figure 3 is a bar graph of the size distribution (%, along the left axis) as a function of the graphene quantum dot diameter (nm, along the bottom axis) depicting the monodisperse size distribution of the graphene quantum dots.
Figure 4 is a graph of the Raman spectra of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom). 10
Figure 5 is a graph of the X-ray diffraction pattern of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom).
Figure 6 is a Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of graphite (bottom) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (top) depicting the presence of the C-O and C= 0 stretching modes in the graphene quantum dots. 15
Figure 7 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (excited at 440 nm).
Figure 8 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 as a function of the excitation wavelength.
Figure 9 is a graph of the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of the graphene quantum dots of 20
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
A method of making graphene quantum dots (G Q Ds) comprising: combining a graphene source with a strong oxidizing mixture to form a combination; and heating the combination to an elevated temperature with respect to room temperature to produce the G Q Ds, wherein the G Q Ds have an average diameter of between 2.0 nm and 10.0 nm and wherein the qraphene source is selected from the qroup consistinq of qraphite, carbon black, and combinations thereof.
The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises a permanganate selected from the group consisting of potassium permanganate, ammonium permanganate, calcium permanganate, sodium permanganate, and silver permanganate. 2 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE
The method of claim 1, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises a persulfate selected from the group consisting of sodium peroxomonosulfate, sodium persulfate, potassium peroxymonosulfate, and ammonium persulfate.
The method of claim 1, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises an oxidizing acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, perchloric acid, chloric acid, chromic acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises at least one permanganate and at least one oxidizing acid.
The method of claim 1, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises potassium permanganate, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 1, wherein the elevated temperature is 100 0C to 200 0C.
The method of claim 1, wherein the G Q Ds have a monodisperse particle distribution. 3 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE
The method of claim 1, wherein the heating is for a period of time of 2 hours or less.
The method of claim 1, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises one or more oxidizing agents having a standard electrode potential between 1.0 V and 2.5 V.
canceled
A method of making graphene quantum dots (G Q Ds) comprising: combining a graphene source with a strong oxidizing mixture to form a combination; and heating the combination to an elevated temperature with respect to room temperature to produce the G Q Ds, wherein the G Q Ds have a monodisperse particle distribution, and wherein the qraphene source is selected from the qroup consistinq of qraphite, carbon black, and combinations thereof.
The method of claim 12, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises a permanganate selected from the group consisting of potassium permanganate, 4 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE ammonium permanganate, calcium permanganate, sodium permanganate, and silver permanganate.
The method of claim 12, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises a persulfate selected from the group consisting of sodium peroxomonosulfate, sodium persulfate, potassium peroxymonosulfate, and ammonium persulfate.
The method of claim 12, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises an oxidizing acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, perchloric acid, chloric acid, chromic acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 12, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises at least one permanganate and at least one oxidizing acid.
The method of claim 12, wherein the oxidizing mixture comprises potassium permanganate, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid.
The method of claim 12, wherein the elevated temperature is 100 0C to 200 0C. 5 TIH 292104-1341 U.S.S.N.: 15/334,695 Filed: AMENDMENTS AND RESPONSE
The method of claim 12, wherein the heating is for a period of time of 2 hours or less.
The method of claim 12, wherein the strong oxidizing mixture comprises one or more oxidizing agents having a standard electrode potential between 1.0 V and 2.5 V. 6 TIH 292104-1341
canceled
Materials described outside the worked examples.
graphene quantum dots
graphite
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Measurements and analyses referenced in the patent, with their drawing references.
Figure 2 is a graph of the fluorescence emission sprectra of graphene quantum dot production in the presence of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 as a function of temperature. The fluorescence emission spectra in the presence of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (without KMnO 4) is included as a reference. 5
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
GQD average diameter range (claimed) | 2–10 nm | graphene quantum dots |
GQD average diameter range (description/abstract) | 1–20 nm |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
carbon black
potassium permanganate
KMnO₄
ammonium permanganate
NH₄MnO₄
calcium permanganate
Ca(MnO₄)2
sodium permanganate
NaMnO₄
silver permanganate
AgMnO₄
sodium peroxomonosulfate
sodium persulfate
Na₂S₂O₈
potassium peroxymonosulfate
ammonium persulfate
(NH₄)2S₂O₈
nitric acid
HNO₃
perchloric acid
HClO₄
chloric acid
HClO₃
chromic acid
H₂CrO₄
sulfuric acid
H₂SO₄
Figure 2 is a graph of the fluorescence emission sprectra of graphene quantum dot production in the presence of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 as a function of temperature. The fluorescence emission spectra in the presence of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (without KMnO 4) is included as a reference. 5
Figure 3 is a bar graph of the size distribution (%, along the left axis) as a function of the graphene quantum dot diameter (nm, along the bottom axis) depicting the monodisperse size distribution of the graphene quantum dots.
Figure 4 is a graph of the Raman spectra of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom). 10
Figure 4 is a graph of the Raman spectra of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom). 10
Figure 5 is a graph of the X-ray diffraction pattern of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom).
Figure 6 is a Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of graphite (bottom) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (top) depicting the presence of the C-O and C= 0 stretching modes in the graphene quantum dots. 15
Figure 7 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (excited at 440 nm).
Figure 8 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 as a function of the excitation wavelength.
Figure 9 is a graph of the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of the graphene quantum dots of 20
Figure 9 is a graph of the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of the graphene quantum dots of 20
GQD size distribution span (monodisperse) | ≤ 1 dimensionless | graphene quantum dots |
GQD size distribution coefficient of variation | ≤ 0.5 dimensionless | graphene quantum dots |
Thickness | 1–1000 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–30 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–5 nm | — |
Voltage | 0.5–5 V | — |
Voltage | 0.9–3 V | — |
Voltage | 1–2.5 V | — |
Voltage | 1–2 V | — |
Voltage | 1–1.6 V | — |
Voltage | 1.2–1.6 V | — |
Thickness | 1.5–5.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 nm | — |
Duration | ≤ 2 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 1.5 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 1 hour | — |
Thickness | ≤ 365 nm | — |
carbon black
potassium permanganate
KMnO₄
ammonium permanganate
NH₄MnO₄
calcium permanganate
Ca(MnO₄)2
sodium permanganate
NaMnO₄
silver permanganate
AgMnO₄
sodium peroxomonosulfate
sodium persulfate
Na₂S₂O₈
potassium peroxymonosulfate
ammonium persulfate
(NH₄)2S₂O₈
nitric acid
HNO₃
perchloric acid
HClO₄
chloric acid
HClO₃
chromic acid
H₂CrO₄
sulfuric acid
H₂SO₄
Figure 2 is a graph of the fluorescence emission sprectra of graphene quantum dot production in the presence of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 as a function of temperature. The fluorescence emission spectra in the presence of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (without KMnO 4) is included as a reference. 5
Figure 3 is a bar graph of the size distribution (%, along the left axis) as a function of the graphene quantum dot diameter (nm, along the bottom axis) depicting the monodisperse size distribution of the graphene quantum dots.
Figure 4 is a graph of the Raman spectra of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom). 10
Figure 4 is a graph of the Raman spectra of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom). 10
Figure 5 is a graph of the X-ray diffraction pattern of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom).
Figure 6 is a Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of graphite (bottom) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (top) depicting the presence of the C-O and C= 0 stretching modes in the graphene quantum dots. 15
Figure 7 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (excited at 440 nm).
Figure 8 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 as a function of the excitation wavelength.
Figure 9 is a graph of the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of the graphene quantum dots of 20
Figure 9 is a graph of the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of the graphene quantum dots of 20
GQD size distribution span (monodisperse) | ≤ 1 dimensionless | graphene quantum dots |
GQD size distribution coefficient of variation | ≤ 0.5 dimensionless | graphene quantum dots |
Thickness | 1–1000 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–30 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–5 nm | — |
Voltage | 0.5–5 V | — |
Voltage | 0.9–3 V | — |
Voltage | 1–2.5 V | — |
Voltage | 1–2 V | — |
Voltage | 1–1.6 V | — |
Voltage | 1.2–1.6 V | — |
Thickness | 1.5–5.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 nm | — |
Duration | ≤ 2 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 1.5 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 1 hour | — |
Thickness | ≤ 365 nm | — |
carbon black
potassium permanganate
KMnO₄
ammonium permanganate
NH₄MnO₄
calcium permanganate
Ca(MnO₄)2
sodium permanganate
NaMnO₄
silver permanganate
AgMnO₄
sodium peroxomonosulfate
sodium persulfate
Na₂S₂O₈
potassium peroxymonosulfate
ammonium persulfate
(NH₄)2S₂O₈
nitric acid
HNO₃
perchloric acid
HClO₄
chloric acid
HClO₃
chromic acid
H₂CrO₄
sulfuric acid
H₂SO₄
Figure 2 is a graph of the fluorescence emission sprectra of graphene quantum dot production in the presence of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 as a function of temperature. The fluorescence emission spectra in the presence of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (without KMnO 4) is included as a reference. 5
Figure 3 is a bar graph of the size distribution (%, along the left axis) as a function of the graphene quantum dot diameter (nm, along the bottom axis) depicting the monodisperse size distribution of the graphene quantum dots.
Figure 4 is a graph of the Raman spectra of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom). 10
Figure 4 is a graph of the Raman spectra of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom). 10
Figure 5 is a graph of the X-ray diffraction pattern of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom).
Figure 6 is a Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of graphite (bottom) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (top) depicting the presence of the C-O and C= 0 stretching modes in the graphene quantum dots. 15
Figure 7 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (excited at 440 nm).
Figure 8 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 as a function of the excitation wavelength.
Figure 9 is a graph of the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of the graphene quantum dots of 20
Figure 9 is a graph of the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of the graphene quantum dots of 20
GQD size distribution span (monodisperse) | ≤ 1 dimensionless | graphene quantum dots |
GQD size distribution coefficient of variation | ≤ 0.5 dimensionless | graphene quantum dots |
Thickness | 1–1000 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–30 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–5 nm | — |
Voltage | 0.5–5 V | — |
Voltage | 0.9–3 V | — |
Voltage | 1–2.5 V | — |
Voltage | 1–2 V | — |
Voltage | 1–1.6 V | — |
Voltage | 1.2–1.6 V | — |
Thickness | 1.5–5.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 nm | — |
Duration | ≤ 2 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 1.5 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 1 hour | — |
Thickness | ≤ 365 nm | — |
carbon black
potassium permanganate
KMnO₄
ammonium permanganate
NH₄MnO₄
calcium permanganate
Ca(MnO₄)2
sodium permanganate
NaMnO₄
silver permanganate
AgMnO₄
sodium peroxomonosulfate
sodium persulfate
Na₂S₂O₈
potassium peroxymonosulfate
ammonium persulfate
(NH₄)2S₂O₈
nitric acid
HNO₃
perchloric acid
HClO₄
chloric acid
HClO₃
chromic acid
H₂CrO₄
sulfuric acid
H₂SO₄
Figure 2 is a graph of the fluorescence emission sprectra of graphene quantum dot production in the presence of HNO 3, H 2 SO 4, and KMnO 4 as a function of temperature. The fluorescence emission spectra in the presence of HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (without KMnO 4) is included as a reference. 5
Figure 3 is a bar graph of the size distribution (%, along the left axis) as a function of the graphene quantum dot diameter (nm, along the bottom axis) depicting the monodisperse size distribution of the graphene quantum dots.
Figure 4 is a graph of the Raman spectra of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom). 10
Figure 4 is a graph of the Raman spectra of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom). 10
Figure 5 is a graph of the X-ray diffraction pattern of graphite (top) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (bottom).
Figure 6 is a Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR) spectrum of graphite (bottom) and the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (top) depicting the presence of the C-O and C= 0 stretching modes in the graphene quantum dots. 15
Figure 7 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 (excited at 440 nm).
Figure 8 is a graph of the fluorescence emission spectra of the graphene quantum dots of Example 1 as a function of the excitation wavelength.
Figure 9 is a graph of the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of the graphene quantum dots of 20
Figure 9 is a graph of the UV-VIS absorption spectrum of the graphene quantum dots of 20
GQD size distribution span (monodisperse) | ≤ 1 dimensionless | graphene quantum dots |
GQD size distribution coefficient of variation | ≤ 0.5 dimensionless | graphene quantum dots |
Thickness | 1–1000 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–100 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–30 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 1–5 nm | — |
Voltage | 0.5–5 V | — |
Voltage | 0.9–3 V | — |
Voltage | 1–2.5 V | — |
Voltage | 1–2 V | — |
Voltage | 1–1.6 V | — |
Voltage | 1.2–1.6 V | — |
Thickness | 1.5–5.5 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 nm | — |
Duration | ≤ 2 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 1.5 hours | — |
Duration | ≤ 1 hour | — |
Thickness | ≤ 365 nm | — |