FIG. 1. A comparison of the transmission factors I/I o for varying thicknesses of PDMS, COC, and PMMA at an X-ray energy of 12.4 keV, or a wavelength of 1^. …

FIG. 2A-2D. Schematic depiction of the fabrication scheme for thin-film graphene- based microfluidics, using a channel-based counter-diffusion as the example.

FIG. 3B Photograph of a counter-diffusion chip that has been filled with blue and red food dye to simulate on-chip mixing. Optical micrographs under …

FIG. 4. Raman spectra, demonstrating the expected signals for graphene, 500 nm PMMA, and PDA separately, and in the final composite films. [0018]

FIG. 5A Measurement of the absorbance of colored solutions as a function of time at 450 nm, demonstrating the water permeability of various PMMA, …

FIG. 6A One-dimensional integrated X-ray intensity profiles showing the relative strength of the observed diffraction signal from a HEWL crystal compared to the …

FIG. 7. Graph of signal-to-noise <F/a (F)> as a function of resolution for the four datasets shown in Table 3. The final resolution of the dataset is indicated …

FIG. 8. 2F o -F e electron density map of HEWL grown in microbatch to 1.40 A. The map was contoured at 2 a and superimposed over a licorice representation of …

FIG. 9A-9B. Linear attenuation coefficients u for quartz, silicon nitride, PDMS, COC, PMMA, graphene, and PDA as a function of X-ray

FIG. 10 A comparison of the transmission factors I/I o for varying thicknesses of silicon nitride, PDMS, COC, and PMMA at a photon energy of 12.4 keV, or a …

FIG. 11 B A comparison of the level of background scattering resulting from a 1.5 p s polyc h romatic X-ray pulse train interacting with the air background, as …

FIG. 12C One-dimensional integrated X-ray intensity profiles showing the effect of incident angle on the background signal resulting from an empty 500 nm …

FIG. 13D. One- dimensional integrated X-ray intensity profiles showing the relative strength of the observed diffraction signal from a HEWL crystal compared to …

FIG. 14B Photographs of the experimental setup showing changes in the liquid levels as seen by a side-view. Perspective

FIG. 15B. Optical micrographs showing the change in solution content within

FIG. 16D. Schematic depiction of the fabrication scheme for thin-film, microbatch-style, graphene-based microfluidics.

FIG. 17D. Photographs of

FIG. 18C. AFM topography micrographs of

FIG. 19B. Optical micrographs of contact angle measurements for

FIG. 20. Graph of completeness vs. resolution for the four datasets shown in Table 3. The final resolution of the dataset is indicated in the legend. [0034]

FIG. 21C counter-diffusion to 1.46 A. Maps are contoured at 2-and superimposed over a licorice representation of the protein structure surrounding Trp108. [0035]

FIG. 22B. Monochromatic data visualized using X-ray data collection software. Definitions [0036] The definitions below are provided as summaries of concepts that …

FIG. 1. A comparison of the transmission factors I/I o for varying thicknesses of PDMS, COC, and PMMA at an X-ray energy of 12.4 keV, or a wavelength of 1^. …

FIG. 2A-2D. Schematic depiction of the fabrication scheme for thin-film graphene- based microfluidics, using a channel-based counter-diffusion as the example.

FIG. 3B Photograph of a counter-diffusion chip that has been filled with blue and red food dye to simulate on-chip mixing. Optical micrographs under …

FIG. 4. Raman spectra, demonstrating the expected signals for graphene, 500 nm PMMA, and PDA separately, and in the final composite films. [0018]

FIG. 5A Measurement of the absorbance of colored solutions as a function of time at 450 nm, demonstrating the water permeability of various PMMA, …

FIG. 6A One-dimensional integrated X-ray intensity profiles showing the relative strength of the observed diffraction signal from a HEWL crystal compared to the …

FIG. 7. Graph of signal-to-noise <F/a (F)> as a function of resolution for the four datasets shown in Table 3. The final resolution of the dataset is indicated …

FIG. 8. 2F o -F e electron density map of HEWL grown in microbatch to 1.40 A. The map was contoured at 2 a and superimposed over a licorice representation of …

FIG. 9A-9B. Linear attenuation coefficients u for quartz, silicon nitride, PDMS, COC, PMMA, graphene, and PDA as a function of X-ray

FIG. 10 A comparison of the transmission factors I/I o for varying thicknesses of silicon nitride, PDMS, COC, and PMMA at a photon energy of 12.4 keV, or a …

FIG. 11 B A comparison of the level of background scattering resulting from a 1.5 p s polyc h romatic X-ray pulse train interacting with the air background, as …

FIG. 12C One-dimensional integrated X-ray intensity profiles showing the effect of incident angle on the background signal resulting from an empty 500 nm …

FIG. 13D. One- dimensional integrated X-ray intensity profiles showing the relative strength of the observed diffraction signal from a HEWL crystal compared to …

FIG. 14B Photographs of the experimental setup showing changes in the liquid levels as seen by a side-view. Perspective

FIG. 15B. Optical micrographs showing the change in solution content within

FIG. 16D. Schematic depiction of the fabrication scheme for thin-film, microbatch-style, graphene-based microfluidics.

FIG. 17D. Photographs of

FIG. 18C. AFM topography micrographs of

FIG. 19B. Optical micrographs of contact angle measurements for

FIG. 20. Graph of completeness vs. resolution for the four datasets shown in Table 3. The final resolution of the dataset is indicated in the legend. [0034]

FIG. 21C counter-diffusion to 1.46 A. Maps are contoured at 2-and superimposed over a licorice representation of the protein structure surrounding Trp108. [0035]

FIG. 22B. Monochromatic data visualized using X-ray data collection software. Definitions [0036] The definitions below are provided as summaries of concepts that …

FIG. 1. A comparison of the transmission factors I/I o for varying thicknesses of PDMS, COC, and PMMA at an X-ray energy of 12.4 keV, or a wavelength of 1^. …

FIG. 2A-2D. Schematic depiction of the fabrication scheme for thin-film graphene- based microfluidics, using a channel-based counter-diffusion as the example.

FIG. 3B Photograph of a counter-diffusion chip that has been filled with blue and red food dye to simulate on-chip mixing. Optical micrographs under …

FIG. 4. Raman spectra, demonstrating the expected signals for graphene, 500 nm PMMA, and PDA separately, and in the final composite films. [0018]

FIG. 5A Measurement of the absorbance of colored solutions as a function of time at 450 nm, demonstrating the water permeability of various PMMA, …

FIG. 6A One-dimensional integrated X-ray intensity profiles showing the relative strength of the observed diffraction signal from a HEWL crystal compared to the …

FIG. 7. Graph of signal-to-noise <F/a (F)> as a function of resolution for the four datasets shown in Table 3. The final resolution of the dataset is indicated …

FIG. 8. 2F o -F e electron density map of HEWL grown in microbatch to 1.40 A. The map was contoured at 2 a and superimposed over a licorice representation of …

FIG. 9A-9B. Linear attenuation coefficients u for quartz, silicon nitride, PDMS, COC, PMMA, graphene, and PDA as a function of X-ray

FIG. 10 A comparison of the transmission factors I/I o for varying thicknesses of silicon nitride, PDMS, COC, and PMMA at a photon energy of 12.4 keV, or a …

FIG. 11 B A comparison of the level of background scattering resulting from a 1.5 p s polyc h romatic X-ray pulse train interacting with the air background, as …

FIG. 12C One-dimensional integrated X-ray intensity profiles showing the effect of incident angle on the background signal resulting from an empty 500 nm …

FIG. 13D. One- dimensional integrated X-ray intensity profiles showing the relative strength of the observed diffraction signal from a HEWL crystal compared to …

FIG. 14B Photographs of the experimental setup showing changes in the liquid levels as seen by a side-view. Perspective

FIG. 15B. Optical micrographs showing the change in solution content within

FIG. 16D. Schematic depiction of the fabrication scheme for thin-film, microbatch-style, graphene-based microfluidics.

FIG. 17D. Photographs of

FIG. 18C. AFM topography micrographs of

FIG. 19B. Optical micrographs of contact angle measurements for

FIG. 20. Graph of completeness vs. resolution for the four datasets shown in Table 3. The final resolution of the dataset is indicated in the legend. [0034]

FIG. 21C counter-diffusion to 1.46 A. Maps are contoured at 2-and superimposed over a licorice representation of the protein structure surrounding Trp108. [0035]

FIG. 22B. Monochromatic data visualized using X-ray data collection software. Definitions [0036] The definitions below are provided as summaries of concepts that …

FIG. 1. A comparison of the transmission factors I/I o for varying thicknesses of PDMS, COC, and PMMA at an X-ray energy of 12.4 keV, or a wavelength of 1^. …

FIG. 2A-2D. Schematic depiction of the fabrication scheme for thin-film graphene- based microfluidics, using a channel-based counter-diffusion as the example.

FIG. 3B Photograph of a counter-diffusion chip that has been filled with blue and red food dye to simulate on-chip mixing. Optical micrographs under …

FIG. 4. Raman spectra, demonstrating the expected signals for graphene, 500 nm PMMA, and PDA separately, and in the final composite films. [0018]

FIG. 5A Measurement of the absorbance of colored solutions as a function of time at 450 nm, demonstrating the water permeability of various PMMA, …

FIG. 6A One-dimensional integrated X-ray intensity profiles showing the relative strength of the observed diffraction signal from a HEWL crystal compared to the …

FIG. 7. Graph of signal-to-noise <F/a (F)> as a function of resolution for the four datasets shown in Table 3. The final resolution of the dataset is indicated …

FIG. 8. 2F o -F e electron density map of HEWL grown in microbatch to 1.40 A. The map was contoured at 2 a and superimposed over a licorice representation of …

FIG. 9A-9B. Linear attenuation coefficients u for quartz, silicon nitride, PDMS, COC, PMMA, graphene, and PDA as a function of X-ray

FIG. 10 A comparison of the transmission factors I/I o for varying thicknesses of silicon nitride, PDMS, COC, and PMMA at a photon energy of 12.4 keV, or a …

FIG. 11 B A comparison of the level of background scattering resulting from a 1.5 p s polyc h romatic X-ray pulse train interacting with the air background, as …

FIG. 12C One-dimensional integrated X-ray intensity profiles showing the effect of incident angle on the background signal resulting from an empty 500 nm …

FIG. 13D. One- dimensional integrated X-ray intensity profiles showing the relative strength of the observed diffraction signal from a HEWL crystal compared to …

FIG. 14B Photographs of the experimental setup showing changes in the liquid levels as seen by a side-view. Perspective

FIG. 15B. Optical micrographs showing the change in solution content within

FIG. 16D. Schematic depiction of the fabrication scheme for thin-film, microbatch-style, graphene-based microfluidics.

FIG. 17D. Photographs of

FIG. 18C. AFM topography micrographs of

FIG. 19B. Optical micrographs of contact angle measurements for

FIG. 20. Graph of completeness vs. resolution for the four datasets shown in Table 3. The final resolution of the dataset is indicated in the legend. [0034]

FIG. 21C counter-diffusion to 1.46 A. Maps are contoured at 2-and superimposed over a licorice representation of the protein structure surrounding Trp108. [0035]

FIG. 22B. Monochromatic data visualized using X-ray data collection software. Definitions [0036] The definitions below are provided as summaries of concepts that …