FIG. 1. The 3D graphene sensors can have a polyhedral shape (e.g., cubic micro- or nanoscale 3D graphene sensor 40a, triangle pyramid micro- or nanoscale 3D …

FIG. 2A. In the array, the first panel 52a is immediately adjacent the second pane l 52b, with a first edge 62a (referenced generally) of the first panel 52a …

FIG. 3C schematically illustrates that the sensors 70a, 70 b, 70c of the present disclosure can be functionalized by surface patterning and/or encapsulating …

FIG. 4, the first and second frame segments 96a, 96b are interconnected in forming a completed frame of the first panel 52a). First and second frame segments …

FIGS. 5A-5 F illustrate methods of making a 3D graphene optical sensor in accordance with principles of the present disclosure; [20]

FIG. 6A. A comparison of

FIG. 7B is an SEM image of a 3D graphene twisted nanocylinder generated from the 2D graphene nanoribbon of

FIG. 8 illustrates simulated electrical field enhancements provided by a 2D graphene ribbon (plot line 120), 3D open box sensor structure in accordance with …

FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional image showing the field enhancement of

FIG. 10 A is a simulated electric field enhancement for a 3D graphene half- way curved nanocylinder at the frequency of geometric resonance plotted on the …

FIG. 11A; [32]

FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional image showing the field enhancement of

FIG. 13 is a plot of the normalized transmission through the structures (2D ribbon is plot line 130; half-way curved cylinder is plot line 132; nearly complete …

FIG. 14B), a line-type substrate contact leads to minimal spatial overlap, as opposed to 100% surface area contact between the 2D graphene ribbon and …

FIG. 15 is a plot of the normalized transmission through the structures from the simulations (2D graphene ribbon on silicon substrate is plot line 140; …

FIG. 16 is a plot of the field enhancement in ZX plane along the circumference or width at the ends of the structure (2D graphene ribbon on silicon substrate is …

FIG. 17B. As shown, curving of the 2D graphene nanoribbon 160a to the partially curved 3D graphene nanocylinder 16 0 b brings the opposing edges 162, 164 …

FIG. 18 is a plot of the field enhancement from the simulations described above along the length of the structure (2D graphene ribbon on silicon substrate taken …

FIG. 19 is a plot of the volumetric field enhancement from the simulations described above along the length of the structure based on their ratio to the …

FIG. 20 schematically illustrates the sensing mechanism in a 3D graphene-based nanocylinder structure (or 3D graphene optical sensor) in accordance with …

FIG. 21, the performance of the graphene nanocylinder and graphene nanoribbon are compared by computing the normalized amplification of the amide I and amide II …

FIG. 22 provides a comparison of various near-field enhancement parameters for differently-shaped 3D graphene optical sensors in accordance with principles of …

FIG. 23 presents optical images of the fabrication of graphene membranes, Ti patterns, frames and hinges. For all samples, the resultant 2D net was released …

FIG. 24 presents optical images of the self-assembly of the graphene-based 3D optical sensor in accordance with the Examples section. [121] It was observed …

FIG. 25 is a graph of Raman spectroscopy of 2D and 3D graphene structures described in the Examples section; [53]

FIG. 26. As a point of reference, intensity (y-axis) in

FIG. 27 is graph of Raman spectroscopy of 3D graphene structures with and without a protection layer described in the Examples section; PATENT [55]

FIG. 28D. Raman images were taken for the structure both before and after the self-assembly process and are reported at

FIG. 29 (i.e., the Raman spectra captured for the 2D graphene structure on the silicon substrate before self-assembly is shown at plot line 200, and the Raman …

FIG. 30A. After fabrication of the 2D sandwiched graphene ribbons or nets, reactive ion etching (R IE) with CF₄/02 was used to achieve self-assembly of a 3D …

FIG. 31 A is an SEM image of the array of

FIG. 32B is an enlarged portion of the SEM image of

FIG. 33 is a graph of Raman spectra of a 3D graphene nanocylinder described in the Examples section and at the stages of self-assembly reflected in

FIG. 34B. The Raman spectrum of the graphene before and after self-assembly revealed no considerable damage in the graphene and such that the advanced …

FIG. 35 are useful in evaluating the locations of peaks and the ratio between peaks. In single layer graphene, the most prominent peaks were the G band …

FIG. 1. The 3D graphene sensors can have a polyhedral shape (e.g., cubic micro- or nanoscale 3D graphene sensor 40a, triangle pyramid micro- or nanoscale 3D …

FIG. 2A. In the array, the first panel 52a is immediately adjacent the second pane l 52b, with a first edge 62a (referenced generally) of the first panel 52a …

FIG. 3C schematically illustrates that the sensors 70a, 70 b, 70c of the present disclosure can be functionalized by surface patterning and/or encapsulating …

FIG. 4, the first and second frame segments 96a, 96b are interconnected in forming a completed frame of the first panel 52a). First and second frame segments …

FIGS. 5A-5 F illustrate methods of making a 3D graphene optical sensor in accordance with principles of the present disclosure; [20]

FIG. 6A. A comparison of

FIG. 7B is an SEM image of a 3D graphene twisted nanocylinder generated from the 2D graphene nanoribbon of

FIG. 8 illustrates simulated electrical field enhancements provided by a 2D graphene ribbon (plot line 120), 3D open box sensor structure in accordance with …

FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional image showing the field enhancement of

FIG. 10 A is a simulated electric field enhancement for a 3D graphene half- way curved nanocylinder at the frequency of geometric resonance plotted on the …

FIG. 11A; [32]

FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional image showing the field enhancement of

FIG. 13 is a plot of the normalized transmission through the structures (2D ribbon is plot line 130; half-way curved cylinder is plot line 132; nearly complete …

FIG. 14B), a line-type substrate contact leads to minimal spatial overlap, as opposed to 100% surface area contact between the 2D graphene ribbon and …

FIG. 15 is a plot of the normalized transmission through the structures from the simulations (2D graphene ribbon on silicon substrate is plot line 140; …

FIG. 16 is a plot of the field enhancement in ZX plane along the circumference or width at the ends of the structure (2D graphene ribbon on silicon substrate is …

FIG. 17B. As shown, curving of the 2D graphene nanoribbon 160a to the partially curved 3D graphene nanocylinder 16 0 b brings the opposing edges 162, 164 …

FIG. 18 is a plot of the field enhancement from the simulations described above along the length of the structure (2D graphene ribbon on silicon substrate taken …

FIG. 19 is a plot of the volumetric field enhancement from the simulations described above along the length of the structure based on their ratio to the …

FIG. 20 schematically illustrates the sensing mechanism in a 3D graphene-based nanocylinder structure (or 3D graphene optical sensor) in accordance with …

FIG. 21, the performance of the graphene nanocylinder and graphene nanoribbon are compared by computing the normalized amplification of the amide I and amide II …

FIG. 22 provides a comparison of various near-field enhancement parameters for differently-shaped 3D graphene optical sensors in accordance with principles of …

FIG. 23 presents optical images of the fabrication of graphene membranes, Ti patterns, frames and hinges. For all samples, the resultant 2D net was released …

FIG. 24 presents optical images of the self-assembly of the graphene-based 3D optical sensor in accordance with the Examples section. [121] It was observed …

FIG. 25 is a graph of Raman spectroscopy of 2D and 3D graphene structures described in the Examples section; [53]

FIG. 26. As a point of reference, intensity (y-axis) in

FIG. 27 is graph of Raman spectroscopy of 3D graphene structures with and without a protection layer described in the Examples section; PATENT [55]

FIG. 28D. Raman images were taken for the structure both before and after the self-assembly process and are reported at

FIG. 29 (i.e., the Raman spectra captured for the 2D graphene structure on the silicon substrate before self-assembly is shown at plot line 200, and the Raman …

FIG. 30A. After fabrication of the 2D sandwiched graphene ribbons or nets, reactive ion etching (R IE) with CF₄/02 was used to achieve self-assembly of a 3D …

FIG. 31 A is an SEM image of the array of

FIG. 32B is an enlarged portion of the SEM image of

FIG. 33 is a graph of Raman spectra of a 3D graphene nanocylinder described in the Examples section and at the stages of self-assembly reflected in

FIG. 34B. The Raman spectrum of the graphene before and after self-assembly revealed no considerable damage in the graphene and such that the advanced …

FIG. 35 are useful in evaluating the locations of peaks and the ratio between peaks. In single layer graphene, the most prominent peaks were the G band …

FIG. 1. The 3D graphene sensors can have a polyhedral shape (e.g., cubic micro- or nanoscale 3D graphene sensor 40a, triangle pyramid micro- or nanoscale 3D …

FIG. 2A. In the array, the first panel 52a is immediately adjacent the second pane l 52b, with a first edge 62a (referenced generally) of the first panel 52a …

FIG. 3C schematically illustrates that the sensors 70a, 70 b, 70c of the present disclosure can be functionalized by surface patterning and/or encapsulating …

FIG. 4, the first and second frame segments 96a, 96b are interconnected in forming a completed frame of the first panel 52a). First and second frame segments …

FIGS. 5A-5 F illustrate methods of making a 3D graphene optical sensor in accordance with principles of the present disclosure; [20]

FIG. 6A. A comparison of

FIG. 7B is an SEM image of a 3D graphene twisted nanocylinder generated from the 2D graphene nanoribbon of

FIG. 8 illustrates simulated electrical field enhancements provided by a 2D graphene ribbon (plot line 120), 3D open box sensor structure in accordance with …

FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional image showing the field enhancement of

FIG. 10 A is a simulated electric field enhancement for a 3D graphene half- way curved nanocylinder at the frequency of geometric resonance plotted on the …

FIG. 11A; [32]

FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional image showing the field enhancement of

FIG. 13 is a plot of the normalized transmission through the structures (2D ribbon is plot line 130; half-way curved cylinder is plot line 132; nearly complete …

FIG. 14B), a line-type substrate contact leads to minimal spatial overlap, as opposed to 100% surface area contact between the 2D graphene ribbon and …

FIG. 15 is a plot of the normalized transmission through the structures from the simulations (2D graphene ribbon on silicon substrate is plot line 140; …

FIG. 16 is a plot of the field enhancement in ZX plane along the circumference or width at the ends of the structure (2D graphene ribbon on silicon substrate is …

FIG. 17B. As shown, curving of the 2D graphene nanoribbon 160a to the partially curved 3D graphene nanocylinder 16 0 b brings the opposing edges 162, 164 …

FIG. 18 is a plot of the field enhancement from the simulations described above along the length of the structure (2D graphene ribbon on silicon substrate taken …

FIG. 19 is a plot of the volumetric field enhancement from the simulations described above along the length of the structure based on their ratio to the …

FIG. 20 schematically illustrates the sensing mechanism in a 3D graphene-based nanocylinder structure (or 3D graphene optical sensor) in accordance with …

FIG. 21, the performance of the graphene nanocylinder and graphene nanoribbon are compared by computing the normalized amplification of the amide I and amide II …

FIG. 22 provides a comparison of various near-field enhancement parameters for differently-shaped 3D graphene optical sensors in accordance with principles of …

FIG. 23 presents optical images of the fabrication of graphene membranes, Ti patterns, frames and hinges. For all samples, the resultant 2D net was released …

FIG. 24 presents optical images of the self-assembly of the graphene-based 3D optical sensor in accordance with the Examples section. [121] It was observed …

FIG. 25 is a graph of Raman spectroscopy of 2D and 3D graphene structures described in the Examples section; [53]

FIG. 26. As a point of reference, intensity (y-axis) in

FIG. 27 is graph of Raman spectroscopy of 3D graphene structures with and without a protection layer described in the Examples section; PATENT [55]

FIG. 28D. Raman images were taken for the structure both before and after the self-assembly process and are reported at

FIG. 29 (i.e., the Raman spectra captured for the 2D graphene structure on the silicon substrate before self-assembly is shown at plot line 200, and the Raman …

FIG. 30A. After fabrication of the 2D sandwiched graphene ribbons or nets, reactive ion etching (R IE) with CF₄/02 was used to achieve self-assembly of a 3D …

FIG. 31 A is an SEM image of the array of

FIG. 32B is an enlarged portion of the SEM image of

FIG. 33 is a graph of Raman spectra of a 3D graphene nanocylinder described in the Examples section and at the stages of self-assembly reflected in

FIG. 34B. The Raman spectrum of the graphene before and after self-assembly revealed no considerable damage in the graphene and such that the advanced …

FIG. 35 are useful in evaluating the locations of peaks and the ratio between peaks. In single layer graphene, the most prominent peaks were the G band …

FIG. 1. The 3D graphene sensors can have a polyhedral shape (e.g., cubic micro- or nanoscale 3D graphene sensor 40a, triangle pyramid micro- or nanoscale 3D …

FIG. 2A. In the array, the first panel 52a is immediately adjacent the second pane l 52b, with a first edge 62a (referenced generally) of the first panel 52a …

FIG. 3C schematically illustrates that the sensors 70a, 70 b, 70c of the present disclosure can be functionalized by surface patterning and/or encapsulating …

FIG. 4, the first and second frame segments 96a, 96b are interconnected in forming a completed frame of the first panel 52a). First and second frame segments …

FIGS. 5A-5 F illustrate methods of making a 3D graphene optical sensor in accordance with principles of the present disclosure; [20]

FIG. 6A. A comparison of

FIG. 7B is an SEM image of a 3D graphene twisted nanocylinder generated from the 2D graphene nanoribbon of

FIG. 8 illustrates simulated electrical field enhancements provided by a 2D graphene ribbon (plot line 120), 3D open box sensor structure in accordance with …

FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional image showing the field enhancement of

FIG. 10 A is a simulated electric field enhancement for a 3D graphene half- way curved nanocylinder at the frequency of geometric resonance plotted on the …

FIG. 11A; [32]

FIG. 12B is a cross-sectional image showing the field enhancement of

FIG. 13 is a plot of the normalized transmission through the structures (2D ribbon is plot line 130; half-way curved cylinder is plot line 132; nearly complete …

FIG. 14B), a line-type substrate contact leads to minimal spatial overlap, as opposed to 100% surface area contact between the 2D graphene ribbon and …

FIG. 15 is a plot of the normalized transmission through the structures from the simulations (2D graphene ribbon on silicon substrate is plot line 140; …

FIG. 16 is a plot of the field enhancement in ZX plane along the circumference or width at the ends of the structure (2D graphene ribbon on silicon substrate is …

FIG. 17B. As shown, curving of the 2D graphene nanoribbon 160a to the partially curved 3D graphene nanocylinder 16 0 b brings the opposing edges 162, 164 …

FIG. 18 is a plot of the field enhancement from the simulations described above along the length of the structure (2D graphene ribbon on silicon substrate taken …

FIG. 19 is a plot of the volumetric field enhancement from the simulations described above along the length of the structure based on their ratio to the …

FIG. 20 schematically illustrates the sensing mechanism in a 3D graphene-based nanocylinder structure (or 3D graphene optical sensor) in accordance with …

FIG. 21, the performance of the graphene nanocylinder and graphene nanoribbon are compared by computing the normalized amplification of the amide I and amide II …

FIG. 22 provides a comparison of various near-field enhancement parameters for differently-shaped 3D graphene optical sensors in accordance with principles of …

FIG. 23 presents optical images of the fabrication of graphene membranes, Ti patterns, frames and hinges. For all samples, the resultant 2D net was released …

FIG. 24 presents optical images of the self-assembly of the graphene-based 3D optical sensor in accordance with the Examples section. [121] It was observed …

FIG. 25 is a graph of Raman spectroscopy of 2D and 3D graphene structures described in the Examples section; [53]

FIG. 26. As a point of reference, intensity (y-axis) in

FIG. 27 is graph of Raman spectroscopy of 3D graphene structures with and without a protection layer described in the Examples section; PATENT [55]

FIG. 28D. Raman images were taken for the structure both before and after the self-assembly process and are reported at

FIG. 29 (i.e., the Raman spectra captured for the 2D graphene structure on the silicon substrate before self-assembly is shown at plot line 200, and the Raman …

FIG. 30A. After fabrication of the 2D sandwiched graphene ribbons or nets, reactive ion etching (R IE) with CF₄/02 was used to achieve self-assembly of a 3D …

FIG. 31 A is an SEM image of the array of

FIG. 32B is an enlarged portion of the SEM image of

FIG. 33 is a graph of Raman spectra of a 3D graphene nanocylinder described in the Examples section and at the stages of self-assembly reflected in

FIG. 34B. The Raman spectrum of the graphene before and after self-assembly revealed no considerable damage in the graphene and such that the advanced …

FIG. 35 are useful in evaluating the locations of peaks and the ratio between peaks. In single layer graphene, the most prominent peaks were the G band …