FIG. 1. In this structure, there is no barrier between the graphene and nanotube carpet. In addition, the top alumina layer acts as a floating protective layer, …

FIG. 2K) shows that the graphene is still monolayer after the CNT carpet growth. The increases of the G peak and D peak most likely result from a small amount …

FIG. 3B. The inset is the SEM image of the device, where graphene (the dark area) is patterned into a Hall-bar shape, "Pt" is the platinum electrode deposited …

FIG. 4J. As in

FIGS. 5A-B, where images of the sample using 0.3 nm alumina are shown), there was only isolated carbonaceous material formed. No CNTs were found after growth. …

FIG. 6), presumably due to alloying. [00144] Since the CNT carpet is grown directly from the graphene surface atop copper, it is difficult to observe the Raman …

FIG. 7. The 2D/G ratio is-2 before the CNT carpet was grown (

FIG. 8 shows the Raman spectra. The top and bottom of the carpet are almost identical except for slightly stronger radial breathing mode signals for the …

FIG. 9B shows the enlarged image of CNT carpet electrode. [0024] FIGURE 10 shows BET specific surface area of graphene and CNT carpet hybrid materials.

FIG. 10. This sample has a BET SSA of 2285 m 2/g. The SSA of the graphene/CNT carpet hybrid material is comparable to the best reported values for open-ended …

FIG. 11. The nickel foil was directly used as the cu rr ent collector and graphene CNT carpet hybrid material was used as the electrode. There was no further …

FIG. 12 (the voltage range of 4 V is shown in

FIG. 13, which indicate a linear behavior for both 43 WO 2013/119295 PCT/US₂₀₁₂/065894 charging and discharging curves. The specific capacitance C (per mass) of …

FIG. 14. The device was charge-discharged 5,000 times to 2.7 V (typical commercial EDLC operation range) and showed no energy density retention. The device was …

FIG. 15. The active surface area is usually smaller than the SSA from the BET method since the electrolyte molecules are larger than nitrogen molecules. The …

FIG. 16 with decreased size that is suitable for STEM simulation.

FIG. 17C shows CNT and graphene junction with the CNT 30 0 to the graphene plane. [0032] FIGURE 18 shows a comparison of STEM images of CNT covalently bonded …

FIG. 18B) are shown. The covalently bonded structure show a characteristic ring-like structure on the root, which is not observed for either close-end or open- …

FIG. 19. The structures in

FIG. 20. The additional shells may produce a stronger CNT root that could in turn benefit the alumina lift process. [00155] In

FIGS. 21 and 8) indicate the existence of high quality small diameter CNTs in the carpet. [00145] The graphene quality was carefully checked before and after …

FIG. 22F indicates that most of the as-grown CNTs are single-walled, double-walled or triple- walled, and the diameters are between 3 nm and 7 nm. [00203] The …

FIG. 23D. At least two distinct slopes are observed in the plots, often seen in carbon nanotubes and attributed to a non-metal-like emission process from …

FIG. 24D shows various specific capacitance versus discharging current density. The device was made by 2 m in -growth CNTs on graphene-porous nickel. [0039] …

FIG. 25B shows a photograph of the starting porous nickel sheet. [0040] FIGURE 26 provides Raman and TEM characterizations of graphene grown on porous nickel.

FIG. 26A provides Raman spectra of the graphene (excitation wavelength 633 nm). No D peak was observed, indicating the high quality of obtained graphene. The …

FIGS. 27B-D show the SEM images of CNT-graphene after etching the porous nickel. The SEM images show that CNTs bundle together after etching the nickel due to …

FIG. 28B shows the I-V curves of CNT-graphene in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction. The size of the device used for I is 20 x 20 x 0.8 mm. …

FIG. 29B shows the SEM image of the sample using 1 nm Fe/3 nm A 1 203 as the catalyst for 5 m in growth at 750 ' C. In this case, CNTs covered almost all the …

FIG. 30A.

FIG. 31B, the turn-on voltages of porous nickel, graphene-porous nickel and CNT-graphene-porous nickel were determined, which are, respectively, 3.26 V/p m, …

FIG. 32A. The inset is the magnified structure, showing CNTCs-graphene-Ni pillars with catalysts (iron/alumina) on the top. The microdevices were fabricated as …

FIG. 33B. The Nyquist plot for the supercapacitors usually shows a high-frequency semicircle caused by an effective series resistance, which is attributed to …

FIG. 34F provides discharge current densities as a function of scan rate. [0049] FIGURE 35 provides comparison of electrochemical performance of G/CNTCs-MCs …

FIG. 35B provides a comparison, in the Ragone plots, of specific volumetric power density (P v) and energy density (E v). [0050] FIGURE 36 provides a scheme of …

FIG. 36. [00241] Example 3.2. Sy n thesis of graphene [00242] FLG films were directly synthesized on patterned Ni electrodes via CVD method. The process began …

FIG. 37D. The low D/G band intensity ratio (ID/I G) of 1:9 likewise indicates the high quality of CNTs. The clear radial breathing mode (RBM) reveals the …

FIG. 38 D shows CV curve s obtained at a scan rate of 4 00 V/s. [0053] FIGURE 39 shows the role of post-grown water etching on the electrochemical performance …

FIG. 39A, and calculated in Eq. S₄). Without being bound by theory, it is envisioned that this enhancement may be due to two reasons: first, water could behave …

FIGS. 40 and 4S are BF STEM images of junction areas with an overlayed structural sketch.

FIG. 41, Applicants can further assess the electrochemical performance of G/CNTCs-MCs in terms of their specific capacitances, power densities and energy …

FIG. 1. In this structure, there is no barrier between the graphene and nanotube carpet. In addition, the top alumina layer acts as a floating protective layer, …

FIG. 2K) shows that the graphene is still monolayer after the CNT carpet growth. The increases of the G peak and D peak most likely result from a small amount …

FIG. 3B. The inset is the SEM image of the device, where graphene (the dark area) is patterned into a Hall-bar shape, "Pt" is the platinum electrode deposited …

FIG. 4J. As in

FIGS. 5A-B, where images of the sample using 0.3 nm alumina are shown), there was only isolated carbonaceous material formed. No CNTs were found after growth. …

FIG. 6), presumably due to alloying. [00144] Since the CNT carpet is grown directly from the graphene surface atop copper, it is difficult to observe the Raman …

FIG. 7. The 2D/G ratio is-2 before the CNT carpet was grown (

FIG. 8 shows the Raman spectra. The top and bottom of the carpet are almost identical except for slightly stronger radial breathing mode signals for the …

FIG. 9B shows the enlarged image of CNT carpet electrode. [0024] FIGURE 10 shows BET specific surface area of graphene and CNT carpet hybrid materials.

FIG. 10. This sample has a BET SSA of 2285 m 2/g. The SSA of the graphene/CNT carpet hybrid material is comparable to the best reported values for open-ended …

FIG. 11. The nickel foil was directly used as the cu rr ent collector and graphene CNT carpet hybrid material was used as the electrode. There was no further …

FIG. 12 (the voltage range of 4 V is shown in

FIG. 13, which indicate a linear behavior for both 43 WO 2013/119295 PCT/US₂₀₁₂/065894 charging and discharging curves. The specific capacitance C (per mass) of …

FIG. 14. The device was charge-discharged 5,000 times to 2.7 V (typical commercial EDLC operation range) and showed no energy density retention. The device was …

FIG. 15. The active surface area is usually smaller than the SSA from the BET method since the electrolyte molecules are larger than nitrogen molecules. The …

FIG. 16 with decreased size that is suitable for STEM simulation.

FIG. 17C shows CNT and graphene junction with the CNT 30 0 to the graphene plane. [0032] FIGURE 18 shows a comparison of STEM images of CNT covalently bonded …

FIG. 18B) are shown. The covalently bonded structure show a characteristic ring-like structure on the root, which is not observed for either close-end or open- …

FIG. 19. The structures in

FIG. 20. The additional shells may produce a stronger CNT root that could in turn benefit the alumina lift process. [00155] In

FIGS. 21 and 8) indicate the existence of high quality small diameter CNTs in the carpet. [00145] The graphene quality was carefully checked before and after …

FIG. 22F indicates that most of the as-grown CNTs are single-walled, double-walled or triple- walled, and the diameters are between 3 nm and 7 nm. [00203] The …

FIG. 23D. At least two distinct slopes are observed in the plots, often seen in carbon nanotubes and attributed to a non-metal-like emission process from …

FIG. 24D shows various specific capacitance versus discharging current density. The device was made by 2 m in -growth CNTs on graphene-porous nickel. [0039] …

FIG. 25B shows a photograph of the starting porous nickel sheet. [0040] FIGURE 26 provides Raman and TEM characterizations of graphene grown on porous nickel.

FIG. 26A provides Raman spectra of the graphene (excitation wavelength 633 nm). No D peak was observed, indicating the high quality of obtained graphene. The …

FIGS. 27B-D show the SEM images of CNT-graphene after etching the porous nickel. The SEM images show that CNTs bundle together after etching the nickel due to …

FIG. 28B shows the I-V curves of CNT-graphene in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction. The size of the device used for I is 20 x 20 x 0.8 mm. …

FIG. 29B shows the SEM image of the sample using 1 nm Fe/3 nm A 1 203 as the catalyst for 5 m in growth at 750 ' C. In this case, CNTs covered almost all the …

FIG. 30A.

FIG. 31B, the turn-on voltages of porous nickel, graphene-porous nickel and CNT-graphene-porous nickel were determined, which are, respectively, 3.26 V/p m, …

FIG. 32A. The inset is the magnified structure, showing CNTCs-graphene-Ni pillars with catalysts (iron/alumina) on the top. The microdevices were fabricated as …

FIG. 33B. The Nyquist plot for the supercapacitors usually shows a high-frequency semicircle caused by an effective series resistance, which is attributed to …

FIG. 34F provides discharge current densities as a function of scan rate. [0049] FIGURE 35 provides comparison of electrochemical performance of G/CNTCs-MCs …

FIG. 35B provides a comparison, in the Ragone plots, of specific volumetric power density (P v) and energy density (E v). [0050] FIGURE 36 provides a scheme of …

FIG. 36. [00241] Example 3.2. Sy n thesis of graphene [00242] FLG films were directly synthesized on patterned Ni electrodes via CVD method. The process began …

FIG. 37D. The low D/G band intensity ratio (ID/I G) of 1:9 likewise indicates the high quality of CNTs. The clear radial breathing mode (RBM) reveals the …

FIG. 38 D shows CV curve s obtained at a scan rate of 4 00 V/s. [0053] FIGURE 39 shows the role of post-grown water etching on the electrochemical performance …

FIG. 39A, and calculated in Eq. S₄). Without being bound by theory, it is envisioned that this enhancement may be due to two reasons: first, water could behave …

FIGS. 40 and 4S are BF STEM images of junction areas with an overlayed structural sketch.

FIG. 41, Applicants can further assess the electrochemical performance of G/CNTCs-MCs in terms of their specific capacitances, power densities and energy …

FIG. 1. In this structure, there is no barrier between the graphene and nanotube carpet. In addition, the top alumina layer acts as a floating protective layer, …

FIG. 2K) shows that the graphene is still monolayer after the CNT carpet growth. The increases of the G peak and D peak most likely result from a small amount …

FIG. 3B. The inset is the SEM image of the device, where graphene (the dark area) is patterned into a Hall-bar shape, "Pt" is the platinum electrode deposited …

FIG. 4J. As in

FIGS. 5A-B, where images of the sample using 0.3 nm alumina are shown), there was only isolated carbonaceous material formed. No CNTs were found after growth. …

FIG. 6), presumably due to alloying. [00144] Since the CNT carpet is grown directly from the graphene surface atop copper, it is difficult to observe the Raman …

FIG. 7. The 2D/G ratio is-2 before the CNT carpet was grown (

FIG. 8 shows the Raman spectra. The top and bottom of the carpet are almost identical except for slightly stronger radial breathing mode signals for the …

FIG. 9B shows the enlarged image of CNT carpet electrode. [0024] FIGURE 10 shows BET specific surface area of graphene and CNT carpet hybrid materials.

FIG. 10. This sample has a BET SSA of 2285 m 2/g. The SSA of the graphene/CNT carpet hybrid material is comparable to the best reported values for open-ended …

FIG. 11. The nickel foil was directly used as the cu rr ent collector and graphene CNT carpet hybrid material was used as the electrode. There was no further …

FIG. 12 (the voltage range of 4 V is shown in

FIG. 13, which indicate a linear behavior for both 43 WO 2013/119295 PCT/US₂₀₁₂/065894 charging and discharging curves. The specific capacitance C (per mass) of …

FIG. 14. The device was charge-discharged 5,000 times to 2.7 V (typical commercial EDLC operation range) and showed no energy density retention. The device was …

FIG. 15. The active surface area is usually smaller than the SSA from the BET method since the electrolyte molecules are larger than nitrogen molecules. The …

FIG. 16 with decreased size that is suitable for STEM simulation.

FIG. 17C shows CNT and graphene junction with the CNT 30 0 to the graphene plane. [0032] FIGURE 18 shows a comparison of STEM images of CNT covalently bonded …

FIG. 18B) are shown. The covalently bonded structure show a characteristic ring-like structure on the root, which is not observed for either close-end or open- …

FIG. 19. The structures in

FIG. 20. The additional shells may produce a stronger CNT root that could in turn benefit the alumina lift process. [00155] In

FIGS. 21 and 8) indicate the existence of high quality small diameter CNTs in the carpet. [00145] The graphene quality was carefully checked before and after …

FIG. 22F indicates that most of the as-grown CNTs are single-walled, double-walled or triple- walled, and the diameters are between 3 nm and 7 nm. [00203] The …

FIG. 23D. At least two distinct slopes are observed in the plots, often seen in carbon nanotubes and attributed to a non-metal-like emission process from …

FIG. 24D shows various specific capacitance versus discharging current density. The device was made by 2 m in -growth CNTs on graphene-porous nickel. [0039] …

FIG. 25B shows a photograph of the starting porous nickel sheet. [0040] FIGURE 26 provides Raman and TEM characterizations of graphene grown on porous nickel.

FIG. 26A provides Raman spectra of the graphene (excitation wavelength 633 nm). No D peak was observed, indicating the high quality of obtained graphene. The …

FIGS. 27B-D show the SEM images of CNT-graphene after etching the porous nickel. The SEM images show that CNTs bundle together after etching the nickel due to …

FIG. 28B shows the I-V curves of CNT-graphene in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction. The size of the device used for I is 20 x 20 x 0.8 mm. …

FIG. 29B shows the SEM image of the sample using 1 nm Fe/3 nm A 1 203 as the catalyst for 5 m in growth at 750 ' C. In this case, CNTs covered almost all the …

FIG. 30A.

FIG. 31B, the turn-on voltages of porous nickel, graphene-porous nickel and CNT-graphene-porous nickel were determined, which are, respectively, 3.26 V/p m, …

FIG. 32A. The inset is the magnified structure, showing CNTCs-graphene-Ni pillars with catalysts (iron/alumina) on the top. The microdevices were fabricated as …

FIG. 33B. The Nyquist plot for the supercapacitors usually shows a high-frequency semicircle caused by an effective series resistance, which is attributed to …

FIG. 34F provides discharge current densities as a function of scan rate. [0049] FIGURE 35 provides comparison of electrochemical performance of G/CNTCs-MCs …

FIG. 35B provides a comparison, in the Ragone plots, of specific volumetric power density (P v) and energy density (E v). [0050] FIGURE 36 provides a scheme of …

FIG. 36. [00241] Example 3.2. Sy n thesis of graphene [00242] FLG films were directly synthesized on patterned Ni electrodes via CVD method. The process began …

FIG. 37D. The low D/G band intensity ratio (ID/I G) of 1:9 likewise indicates the high quality of CNTs. The clear radial breathing mode (RBM) reveals the …

FIG. 38 D shows CV curve s obtained at a scan rate of 4 00 V/s. [0053] FIGURE 39 shows the role of post-grown water etching on the electrochemical performance …

FIG. 39A, and calculated in Eq. S₄). Without being bound by theory, it is envisioned that this enhancement may be due to two reasons: first, water could behave …

FIGS. 40 and 4S are BF STEM images of junction areas with an overlayed structural sketch.

FIG. 41, Applicants can further assess the electrochemical performance of G/CNTCs-MCs in terms of their specific capacitances, power densities and energy …

FIG. 1. In this structure, there is no barrier between the graphene and nanotube carpet. In addition, the top alumina layer acts as a floating protective layer, …

FIG. 2K) shows that the graphene is still monolayer after the CNT carpet growth. The increases of the G peak and D peak most likely result from a small amount …

FIG. 3B. The inset is the SEM image of the device, where graphene (the dark area) is patterned into a Hall-bar shape, "Pt" is the platinum electrode deposited …

FIG. 4J. As in

FIGS. 5A-B, where images of the sample using 0.3 nm alumina are shown), there was only isolated carbonaceous material formed. No CNTs were found after growth. …

FIG. 6), presumably due to alloying. [00144] Since the CNT carpet is grown directly from the graphene surface atop copper, it is difficult to observe the Raman …

FIG. 7. The 2D/G ratio is-2 before the CNT carpet was grown (

FIG. 8 shows the Raman spectra. The top and bottom of the carpet are almost identical except for slightly stronger radial breathing mode signals for the …

FIG. 9B shows the enlarged image of CNT carpet electrode. [0024] FIGURE 10 shows BET specific surface area of graphene and CNT carpet hybrid materials.

FIG. 10. This sample has a BET SSA of 2285 m 2/g. The SSA of the graphene/CNT carpet hybrid material is comparable to the best reported values for open-ended …

FIG. 11. The nickel foil was directly used as the cu rr ent collector and graphene CNT carpet hybrid material was used as the electrode. There was no further …

FIG. 12 (the voltage range of 4 V is shown in

FIG. 13, which indicate a linear behavior for both 43 WO 2013/119295 PCT/US₂₀₁₂/065894 charging and discharging curves. The specific capacitance C (per mass) of …

FIG. 14. The device was charge-discharged 5,000 times to 2.7 V (typical commercial EDLC operation range) and showed no energy density retention. The device was …

FIG. 15. The active surface area is usually smaller than the SSA from the BET method since the electrolyte molecules are larger than nitrogen molecules. The …

FIG. 16 with decreased size that is suitable for STEM simulation.

FIG. 17C shows CNT and graphene junction with the CNT 30 0 to the graphene plane. [0032] FIGURE 18 shows a comparison of STEM images of CNT covalently bonded …

FIG. 18B) are shown. The covalently bonded structure show a characteristic ring-like structure on the root, which is not observed for either close-end or open- …

FIG. 19. The structures in

FIG. 20. The additional shells may produce a stronger CNT root that could in turn benefit the alumina lift process. [00155] In

FIGS. 21 and 8) indicate the existence of high quality small diameter CNTs in the carpet. [00145] The graphene quality was carefully checked before and after …

FIG. 22F indicates that most of the as-grown CNTs are single-walled, double-walled or triple- walled, and the diameters are between 3 nm and 7 nm. [00203] The …

FIG. 23D. At least two distinct slopes are observed in the plots, often seen in carbon nanotubes and attributed to a non-metal-like emission process from …

FIG. 24D shows various specific capacitance versus discharging current density. The device was made by 2 m in -growth CNTs on graphene-porous nickel. [0039] …

FIG. 25B shows a photograph of the starting porous nickel sheet. [0040] FIGURE 26 provides Raman and TEM characterizations of graphene grown on porous nickel.

FIG. 26A provides Raman spectra of the graphene (excitation wavelength 633 nm). No D peak was observed, indicating the high quality of obtained graphene. The …

FIGS. 27B-D show the SEM images of CNT-graphene after etching the porous nickel. The SEM images show that CNTs bundle together after etching the nickel due to …

FIG. 28B shows the I-V curves of CNT-graphene in the horizontal direction and the vertical direction. The size of the device used for I is 20 x 20 x 0.8 mm. …

FIG. 29B shows the SEM image of the sample using 1 nm Fe/3 nm A 1 203 as the catalyst for 5 m in growth at 750 ' C. In this case, CNTs covered almost all the …

FIG. 30A.

FIG. 31B, the turn-on voltages of porous nickel, graphene-porous nickel and CNT-graphene-porous nickel were determined, which are, respectively, 3.26 V/p m, …

FIG. 32A. The inset is the magnified structure, showing CNTCs-graphene-Ni pillars with catalysts (iron/alumina) on the top. The microdevices were fabricated as …

FIG. 33B. The Nyquist plot for the supercapacitors usually shows a high-frequency semicircle caused by an effective series resistance, which is attributed to …

FIG. 34F provides discharge current densities as a function of scan rate. [0049] FIGURE 35 provides comparison of electrochemical performance of G/CNTCs-MCs …

FIG. 35B provides a comparison, in the Ragone plots, of specific volumetric power density (P v) and energy density (E v). [0050] FIGURE 36 provides a scheme of …

FIG. 36. [00241] Example 3.2. Sy n thesis of graphene [00242] FLG films were directly synthesized on patterned Ni electrodes via CVD method. The process began …

FIG. 37D. The low D/G band intensity ratio (ID/I G) of 1:9 likewise indicates the high quality of CNTs. The clear radial breathing mode (RBM) reveals the …

FIG. 38 D shows CV curve s obtained at a scan rate of 4 00 V/s. [0053] FIGURE 39 shows the role of post-grown water etching on the electrochemical performance …

FIG. 39A, and calculated in Eq. S₄). Without being bound by theory, it is envisioned that this enhancement may be due to two reasons: first, water could behave …

FIGS. 40 and 4S are BF STEM images of junction areas with an overlayed structural sketch.

FIG. 41, Applicants can further assess the electrochemical performance of G/CNTCs-MCs in terms of their specific capacitances, power densities and energy …