Patent
US 10,738,387ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL CONTAINING A GRAPHENE COATED ELECTRODE
Gerardine G. Botte
US
Copyright © 2026 Matter42. All rights reserved.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,738,387Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatical view of a simplified electrochemical cell showing a graphene coated electrode, in accordance with an embodiment of the present …
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic depiction of an exemplary apparatus for growing a graphene film that is suitable for making a graphene coated electrode, in accordance …
FIG. 3 is a schematic showing a graphene synthesis procedure, which utilizes the apparatus shown in
FIG. 4B shows the variation in the charge associated with the anodic NiO O H peak with various concentrations of KOH using the Ni-Gr and Ni disk electrodes. …
FIG. 5 B shows the voltammogram obtained on Ni disk and Ni-Gr electrodes in 1 M and 0. 5 M K 2 C O 3 solution, respectively. [0021]
FIG. 6A shows the voltammogram obtained on Ni disk and Ni-Gr electrodes in 0. 5 M methanol in a 5 M KOH solution. [0022]
FIG. 7 shows a comparison of cyclic voltammetry results in a 5 M KOH solution using:(1) a graphene-coated glassy electrode (without nickel);(2) a …
FIG. 8 shows a comparison of cyclic voltammetry results in a 0. 5 M urea and 5M KOH solution using:(1) a graphene coated glassy electrode (without nickel),(2) …
FIG. 9 shows a comparison of potentiostatic data collected using:(1) a nickel plated glassy electrode in 5M KOH;(2) a graphene-coated, nickel plated glassy …
FIG. 10 shows the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy comparing: (1) a graphene-coated nickel plated glassy electrode; and(2) a nickel plated …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An electrochemical cell comprising: a first electrode comprising a layer of an active catalyst material, and graphene coating at least partially covering the layer of the active catalyst material; a second electrode comprising a conductor; an electrolyte medium in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes; a chemical substance capable of undergoing an electrochemical reaction; and a voltage source in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes. Original
The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the first electrode further comprises a support material selected from the group consisting of platinum mesh, platinum foil, gold mesh, gold foil, tantalum mesh, tantalum foil, platinum sponge, iridium sponge, a carbon support integrated with a conductive metal, Ni foil, Ti foil, graphite, carbon fiber, carbon paper, glassy carbon, carbon nanofiber, and carbon nanotube. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the active catalyst material comprises a member selected from the group consisting of platinum, iridium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, rhenium, palladium, gold, silver, nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, chromium, tantalum, gallium, cadmium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, bismuth, silver, mercury, niobium, vanadium, manganese, aluminum, arsenic, selenium, antimony, titanium, tungsten, R aney metal, carbon steel, stainless steel, graphite, and mixtures and alloys thereof. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the graphene coating comprises a graphene film prepared by chemical vapor deposition of electrolyzed coal. Previously presented
A method for making the first electrode of the electrochemical cell of claim 1, said method comprising: preparing a graphene coating; and covering at least a portion of the active catalyst material with the graphene coating. Withdrawn
A method of performing an electrochemical reaction with the electrochemical cell of claim 1, said method comprising: contacting the first electrode with the chemical substance in the presence of the electrolyte medium; and applying a voltage difference between the first and second electrodes effective to carry out the electrochemical reaction. Withdrawn
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
A method for producing ammonia by an electrolytic hydrolysis of urea, comprising: applying a voltage difference to an electrolytic cell comprising: a first electrode comprising a layer of an active catalyst material, and graphene coating at least partially covering the layer of the active catalyst material; a second electrode comprising a conductor; an electrolyte medium in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes; urea; and a voltage source in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes, wherein the voltage difference is applied across the first and second electrodes and is sufficient to effect the electrolytic hydrolysis of urea to produce ammonia. Withdrawn
The method of claim 18, wherein the electrolyte medium comprises a carbonate salt and has a pH in a range from about 10 to about 7. Withdrawn
An electrode comprising: a layer of an active catalyst material, and a graphene coating at least partially covering the layer of the active catalyst material. Withdrawn
The electrode of claim 20, wherein the graphene coating is prepared by a process, comprising heating electrolyzed coal to a temperature effective to form graphene in the presence of a flowing stream of reductant gas, wherein the stream of reductant gas deposits graphene onto a surface of a substrate. Withdrawn
The electrode of claim 20, wherein the active catalyst material comprises a member selected from the group consisting of platinum, iridium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, rhenium, palladium, gold, silver, nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, chromium, tantalum, gallium, cadmium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, bismuth, silver, mercury, niobium, vanadium, manganese, aluminum, arsenic, selenium, antimony, titanium, tungsten, R aney metal, carbon steel, stainless steel, graphite, and mixtures and alloys thereof. Withdrawn
The electrode of claim 20, wherein the active catalyst material comprises a metal oxyhydroxide. Withdrawn
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
electrochemical cell with graphene-coated electrode
graphene-coated electrode
Materials described outside the worked examples.
active catalyst material
graphene
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 0.1–50 nm | — |
Thickness |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,738,387Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatical view of a simplified electrochemical cell showing a graphene coated electrode, in accordance with an embodiment of the present …
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic depiction of an exemplary apparatus for growing a graphene film that is suitable for making a graphene coated electrode, in accordance …
FIG. 3 is a schematic showing a graphene synthesis procedure, which utilizes the apparatus shown in
FIG. 4B shows the variation in the charge associated with the anodic NiO O H peak with various concentrations of KOH using the Ni-Gr and Ni disk electrodes. …
FIG. 5 B shows the voltammogram obtained on Ni disk and Ni-Gr electrodes in 1 M and 0. 5 M K 2 C O 3 solution, respectively. [0021]
FIG. 6A shows the voltammogram obtained on Ni disk and Ni-Gr electrodes in 0. 5 M methanol in a 5 M KOH solution. [0022]
FIG. 7 shows a comparison of cyclic voltammetry results in a 5 M KOH solution using:(1) a graphene-coated glassy electrode (without nickel);(2) a …
FIG. 8 shows a comparison of cyclic voltammetry results in a 0. 5 M urea and 5M KOH solution using:(1) a graphene coated glassy electrode (without nickel),(2) …
FIG. 9 shows a comparison of potentiostatic data collected using:(1) a nickel plated glassy electrode in 5M KOH;(2) a graphene-coated, nickel plated glassy …
FIG. 10 shows the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy comparing: (1) a graphene-coated nickel plated glassy electrode; and(2) a nickel plated …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An electrochemical cell comprising: a first electrode comprising a layer of an active catalyst material, and graphene coating at least partially covering the layer of the active catalyst material; a second electrode comprising a conductor; an electrolyte medium in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes; a chemical substance capable of undergoing an electrochemical reaction; and a voltage source in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes. Original
The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the first electrode further comprises a support material selected from the group consisting of platinum mesh, platinum foil, gold mesh, gold foil, tantalum mesh, tantalum foil, platinum sponge, iridium sponge, a carbon support integrated with a conductive metal, Ni foil, Ti foil, graphite, carbon fiber, carbon paper, glassy carbon, carbon nanofiber, and carbon nanotube. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the active catalyst material comprises a member selected from the group consisting of platinum, iridium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, rhenium, palladium, gold, silver, nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, chromium, tantalum, gallium, cadmium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, bismuth, silver, mercury, niobium, vanadium, manganese, aluminum, arsenic, selenium, antimony, titanium, tungsten, R aney metal, carbon steel, stainless steel, graphite, and mixtures and alloys thereof. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the graphene coating comprises a graphene film prepared by chemical vapor deposition of electrolyzed coal. Previously presented
A method for making the first electrode of the electrochemical cell of claim 1, said method comprising: preparing a graphene coating; and covering at least a portion of the active catalyst material with the graphene coating. Withdrawn
A method of performing an electrochemical reaction with the electrochemical cell of claim 1, said method comprising: contacting the first electrode with the chemical substance in the presence of the electrolyte medium; and applying a voltage difference between the first and second electrodes effective to carry out the electrochemical reaction. Withdrawn
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
A method for producing ammonia by an electrolytic hydrolysis of urea, comprising: applying a voltage difference to an electrolytic cell comprising: a first electrode comprising a layer of an active catalyst material, and graphene coating at least partially covering the layer of the active catalyst material; a second electrode comprising a conductor; an electrolyte medium in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes; urea; and a voltage source in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes, wherein the voltage difference is applied across the first and second electrodes and is sufficient to effect the electrolytic hydrolysis of urea to produce ammonia. Withdrawn
The method of claim 18, wherein the electrolyte medium comprises a carbonate salt and has a pH in a range from about 10 to about 7. Withdrawn
An electrode comprising: a layer of an active catalyst material, and a graphene coating at least partially covering the layer of the active catalyst material. Withdrawn
The electrode of claim 20, wherein the graphene coating is prepared by a process, comprising heating electrolyzed coal to a temperature effective to form graphene in the presence of a flowing stream of reductant gas, wherein the stream of reductant gas deposits graphene onto a surface of a substrate. Withdrawn
The electrode of claim 20, wherein the active catalyst material comprises a member selected from the group consisting of platinum, iridium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, rhenium, palladium, gold, silver, nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, chromium, tantalum, gallium, cadmium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, bismuth, silver, mercury, niobium, vanadium, manganese, aluminum, arsenic, selenium, antimony, titanium, tungsten, R aney metal, carbon steel, stainless steel, graphite, and mixtures and alloys thereof. Withdrawn
The electrode of claim 20, wherein the active catalyst material comprises a metal oxyhydroxide. Withdrawn
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
electrochemical cell with graphene-coated electrode
graphene-coated electrode
Materials described outside the worked examples.
active catalyst material
graphene
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 0.1–50 nm | — |
Thickness |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,738,387Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatical view of a simplified electrochemical cell showing a graphene coated electrode, in accordance with an embodiment of the present …
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic depiction of an exemplary apparatus for growing a graphene film that is suitable for making a graphene coated electrode, in accordance …
FIG. 3 is a schematic showing a graphene synthesis procedure, which utilizes the apparatus shown in
FIG. 4B shows the variation in the charge associated with the anodic NiO O H peak with various concentrations of KOH using the Ni-Gr and Ni disk electrodes. …
FIG. 5 B shows the voltammogram obtained on Ni disk and Ni-Gr electrodes in 1 M and 0. 5 M K 2 C O 3 solution, respectively. [0021]
FIG. 6A shows the voltammogram obtained on Ni disk and Ni-Gr electrodes in 0. 5 M methanol in a 5 M KOH solution. [0022]
FIG. 7 shows a comparison of cyclic voltammetry results in a 5 M KOH solution using:(1) a graphene-coated glassy electrode (without nickel);(2) a …
FIG. 8 shows a comparison of cyclic voltammetry results in a 0. 5 M urea and 5M KOH solution using:(1) a graphene coated glassy electrode (without nickel),(2) …
FIG. 9 shows a comparison of potentiostatic data collected using:(1) a nickel plated glassy electrode in 5M KOH;(2) a graphene-coated, nickel plated glassy …
FIG. 10 shows the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy comparing: (1) a graphene-coated nickel plated glassy electrode; and(2) a nickel plated …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An electrochemical cell comprising: a first electrode comprising a layer of an active catalyst material, and graphene coating at least partially covering the layer of the active catalyst material; a second electrode comprising a conductor; an electrolyte medium in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes; a chemical substance capable of undergoing an electrochemical reaction; and a voltage source in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes. Original
The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the first electrode further comprises a support material selected from the group consisting of platinum mesh, platinum foil, gold mesh, gold foil, tantalum mesh, tantalum foil, platinum sponge, iridium sponge, a carbon support integrated with a conductive metal, Ni foil, Ti foil, graphite, carbon fiber, carbon paper, glassy carbon, carbon nanofiber, and carbon nanotube. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the active catalyst material comprises a member selected from the group consisting of platinum, iridium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, rhenium, palladium, gold, silver, nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, chromium, tantalum, gallium, cadmium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, bismuth, silver, mercury, niobium, vanadium, manganese, aluminum, arsenic, selenium, antimony, titanium, tungsten, R aney metal, carbon steel, stainless steel, graphite, and mixtures and alloys thereof. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the graphene coating comprises a graphene film prepared by chemical vapor deposition of electrolyzed coal. Previously presented
A method for making the first electrode of the electrochemical cell of claim 1, said method comprising: preparing a graphene coating; and covering at least a portion of the active catalyst material with the graphene coating. Withdrawn
A method of performing an electrochemical reaction with the electrochemical cell of claim 1, said method comprising: contacting the first electrode with the chemical substance in the presence of the electrolyte medium; and applying a voltage difference between the first and second electrodes effective to carry out the electrochemical reaction. Withdrawn
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
A method for producing ammonia by an electrolytic hydrolysis of urea, comprising: applying a voltage difference to an electrolytic cell comprising: a first electrode comprising a layer of an active catalyst material, and graphene coating at least partially covering the layer of the active catalyst material; a second electrode comprising a conductor; an electrolyte medium in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes; urea; and a voltage source in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes, wherein the voltage difference is applied across the first and second electrodes and is sufficient to effect the electrolytic hydrolysis of urea to produce ammonia. Withdrawn
The method of claim 18, wherein the electrolyte medium comprises a carbonate salt and has a pH in a range from about 10 to about 7. Withdrawn
An electrode comprising: a layer of an active catalyst material, and a graphene coating at least partially covering the layer of the active catalyst material. Withdrawn
The electrode of claim 20, wherein the graphene coating is prepared by a process, comprising heating electrolyzed coal to a temperature effective to form graphene in the presence of a flowing stream of reductant gas, wherein the stream of reductant gas deposits graphene onto a surface of a substrate. Withdrawn
The electrode of claim 20, wherein the active catalyst material comprises a member selected from the group consisting of platinum, iridium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, rhenium, palladium, gold, silver, nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, chromium, tantalum, gallium, cadmium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, bismuth, silver, mercury, niobium, vanadium, manganese, aluminum, arsenic, selenium, antimony, titanium, tungsten, R aney metal, carbon steel, stainless steel, graphite, and mixtures and alloys thereof. Withdrawn
The electrode of claim 20, wherein the active catalyst material comprises a metal oxyhydroxide. Withdrawn
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
electrochemical cell with graphene-coated electrode
graphene-coated electrode
Materials described outside the worked examples.
active catalyst material
graphene
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 0.1–50 nm | — |
Thickness |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
Patent
Atlas literature
Patent
US 10,738,387Patent drawings and their descriptions. Click a drawing to enlarge it.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatical view of a simplified electrochemical cell showing a graphene coated electrode, in accordance with an embodiment of the present …
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic depiction of an exemplary apparatus for growing a graphene film that is suitable for making a graphene coated electrode, in accordance …
FIG. 3 is a schematic showing a graphene synthesis procedure, which utilizes the apparatus shown in
FIG. 4B shows the variation in the charge associated with the anodic NiO O H peak with various concentrations of KOH using the Ni-Gr and Ni disk electrodes. …
FIG. 5 B shows the voltammogram obtained on Ni disk and Ni-Gr electrodes in 1 M and 0. 5 M K 2 C O 3 solution, respectively. [0021]
FIG. 6A shows the voltammogram obtained on Ni disk and Ni-Gr electrodes in 0. 5 M methanol in a 5 M KOH solution. [0022]
FIG. 7 shows a comparison of cyclic voltammetry results in a 5 M KOH solution using:(1) a graphene-coated glassy electrode (without nickel);(2) a …
FIG. 8 shows a comparison of cyclic voltammetry results in a 0. 5 M urea and 5M KOH solution using:(1) a graphene coated glassy electrode (without nickel),(2) …
FIG. 9 shows a comparison of potentiostatic data collected using:(1) a nickel plated glassy electrode in 5M KOH;(2) a graphene-coated, nickel plated glassy …
FIG. 10 shows the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy comparing: (1) a graphene-coated nickel plated glassy electrode; and(2) a nickel plated …
Claims define the patent's legal scope. Independent claims stand alone; dependent claims (nested) narrow them. Click a claim to expand its dependents.
An electrochemical cell comprising: a first electrode comprising a layer of an active catalyst material, and graphene coating at least partially covering the layer of the active catalyst material; a second electrode comprising a conductor; an electrolyte medium in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes; a chemical substance capable of undergoing an electrochemical reaction; and a voltage source in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes. Original
The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the first electrode further comprises a support material selected from the group consisting of platinum mesh, platinum foil, gold mesh, gold foil, tantalum mesh, tantalum foil, platinum sponge, iridium sponge, a carbon support integrated with a conductive metal, Ni foil, Ti foil, graphite, carbon fiber, carbon paper, glassy carbon, carbon nanofiber, and carbon nanotube. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the active catalyst material comprises a member selected from the group consisting of platinum, iridium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, rhenium, palladium, gold, silver, nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, chromium, tantalum, gallium, cadmium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, bismuth, silver, mercury, niobium, vanadium, manganese, aluminum, arsenic, selenium, antimony, titanium, tungsten, R aney metal, carbon steel, stainless steel, graphite, and mixtures and alloys thereof. Previously presented
The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the graphene coating comprises a graphene film prepared by chemical vapor deposition of electrolyzed coal. Previously presented
A method for making the first electrode of the electrochemical cell of claim 1, said method comprising: preparing a graphene coating; and covering at least a portion of the active catalyst material with the graphene coating. Withdrawn
A method of performing an electrochemical reaction with the electrochemical cell of claim 1, said method comprising: contacting the first electrode with the chemical substance in the presence of the electrolyte medium; and applying a voltage difference between the first and second electrodes effective to carry out the electrochemical reaction. Withdrawn
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
Canceled
A method for producing ammonia by an electrolytic hydrolysis of urea, comprising: applying a voltage difference to an electrolytic cell comprising: a first electrode comprising a layer of an active catalyst material, and graphene coating at least partially covering the layer of the active catalyst material; a second electrode comprising a conductor; an electrolyte medium in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes; urea; and a voltage source in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes, wherein the voltage difference is applied across the first and second electrodes and is sufficient to effect the electrolytic hydrolysis of urea to produce ammonia. Withdrawn
The method of claim 18, wherein the electrolyte medium comprises a carbonate salt and has a pH in a range from about 10 to about 7. Withdrawn
An electrode comprising: a layer of an active catalyst material, and a graphene coating at least partially covering the layer of the active catalyst material. Withdrawn
The electrode of claim 20, wherein the graphene coating is prepared by a process, comprising heating electrolyzed coal to a temperature effective to form graphene in the presence of a flowing stream of reductant gas, wherein the stream of reductant gas deposits graphene onto a surface of a substrate. Withdrawn
The electrode of claim 20, wherein the active catalyst material comprises a member selected from the group consisting of platinum, iridium, rhodium, rubidium, ruthenium, rhenium, palladium, gold, silver, nickel, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, chromium, tantalum, gallium, cadmium, indium, thallium, tin, lead, bismuth, silver, mercury, niobium, vanadium, manganese, aluminum, arsenic, selenium, antimony, titanium, tungsten, R aney metal, carbon steel, stainless steel, graphite, and mixtures and alloys thereof. Withdrawn
The electrode of claim 20, wherein the active catalyst material comprises a metal oxyhydroxide. Withdrawn
Canceled
Layer stacks claimed or described, ordered top of device to substrate.
electrochemical cell with graphene-coated electrode
graphene-coated electrode
Materials described outside the worked examples.
active catalyst material
graphene
Additional fabrication and treatment steps described in the patent.
Performance values and ranges asserted in the specification or claims.
| Property | Value | Material |
|---|---|---|
Thickness | 0.1–50 nm | — |
Thickness |
Related documents with shared materials, methods, properties, or citations.
electrode support material
electrolyzed coal
copper substrate
Cu
urea
CO(NH₂)2
metal oxyhydroxide
nickel oxyhydroxide
NiOOH
| — |
Thickness | 1–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.1 nm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 490 °C | — |
METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING GRAPHENE USING LIGHT AND GRAPHENE MANUFACTURED USING THE SAME
electrode support material
electrolyzed coal
copper substrate
Cu
urea
CO(NH₂)2
metal oxyhydroxide
nickel oxyhydroxide
NiOOH
| — |
Thickness | 1–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.1 nm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 490 °C | — |
METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING GRAPHENE USING LIGHT AND GRAPHENE MANUFACTURED USING THE SAME
electrode support material
electrolyzed coal
copper substrate
Cu
urea
CO(NH₂)2
metal oxyhydroxide
nickel oxyhydroxide
NiOOH
| — |
Thickness | 1–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.1 nm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 490 °C | — |
METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING GRAPHENE USING LIGHT AND GRAPHENE MANUFACTURED USING THE SAME
electrode support material
electrolyzed coal
copper substrate
Cu
urea
CO(NH₂)2
metal oxyhydroxide
nickel oxyhydroxide
NiOOH
| — |
Thickness | 1–10 nm | — |
Thickness | 2–5 nm | — |
Thickness | ≤ 0.1 nm | — |
Temperature | ≥ 490 °C | — |
METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING GRAPHENE USING LIGHT AND GRAPHENE MANUFACTURED USING THE SAME